translet tsunami

TSUNAMI, THE CAUSES AND PUNITIVE
Posted on March 5, 2009 by harytami3 | Leave a comment
II. Causes of Occurrence of Tsunamis

Tsunamis occur due to the impulsive disturbance of sea water due to the change in the basic form of a sudden the sea. This happens because of three reasons, namely: earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and avalanches (land slides) that occur on the seabed. Of the three causes of tsunamis, earthquakes are the main cause. The size of the tsunami wave is determined by the characteristics of the earthquake that caused it.
The biggest part implusif noise source that caused the tsunami was devastating earthquake that occurred on the seabed. Although volcanic eruptions can also cause devastating tsunamis, such as the eruption of Krakatoa in 1883.
Earthquakes on the ocean floor has led to disruption of seawater, which caused changes in seabed profiles. Profile of the seabed is generally caused due to a tectonic earthquake thatcould cause soil movement perpendicular to the surface of seawater or the earth's surface. If the horizontal ground motion withsea level, it will not happen tsunami.

When an earthquake occurs towing, even though this earthquake ground motion is horizontal, but because a big earthquake energy, it can tear down the cliffs (the hills) in the sea, which in itself is the movement of debris in perpendicular to the surface of the sea. Thus, although not an earthquake but because of circumstances hill / sea cliffs are unstable, then the force of gravity and ocean currents can cause landslides and tsunamis happen eventually. This never happened in Larantuka in Padang in 1976 and 1980.
Earthquakes are most likely to cause a tsunami is:
1. The earthquake that occurred on the seabed.
2. The depth of the epicenter less than 60 km.
3. Earthquake magnitudes greater than 6.0 on the Richter Scale.
4. Type of fault classified earthquake fault or a fault down. The forces of this kind usually occur at the opening zones and fault zones.

TERMS FROM TSUNAMI
The term tsunami comes from the Japanese Tsu means harborand nami meaning gelombanglaut. From this story comes the termtsunami. Initially the tsunami means harbor waveyangmenghantam.







Venus is hotter than a volcano

VIVAnews - Venus, the planet that has many similarities to Earth,where surface temperatures are at about 480 degrees celsius, it seems more dire than previously known.

From recent observations by the European space satellite, on theplanet, revealed that Venus is filled with active volcanoes.

When investigations are conducted NASA's Magellan to Venussurface was conducted in early 1990, scientists mapped Venus indetail and find that the planet's surface is flat, but rich in whatlooked like a sleeping volcano.

Knowing this, researchers made two theories to explain why the planet has a flat surface.
First, Venus has experienced flooding in the entire region of lava flows around the planet 500 million years ago and then fell into a coma in geology. The second theory, the planet continues to stay awake and lava sprayed continuously.

As quoted from Space, December 27, 2010, from infrared datacollected Venus Express, orbiting satellite observers on the planet,monitoring results tend to support the second theory.

"The flow of lava in certain parts of the planet Venus who comesfrom a number of volcanoes weather seemed unaffected. That is,the flow of lava was not more than 2.5 million years old, "said Suzanne Smrekar, researchers from the Jet PropulsionLaboratory.

Some of the volcanoes, said Smrekar, the possibility now stillerupt. "So, geologically speaking, the planet did not die. He isactive and ready to clash, "he said. (hs)


Theory of the solar system
Formation of the Solar System Theory After Newton

The appearance of Newton's theory of gravity becomes a strong foundation in creating a scientific theory formation of the Solar System. In this article will discuss the theory of the formation of the solar system born after the era of Newton until the end of the 19th century. The development of the theory of the formation of the solar system until 1960, divided into two schools of thought ie monistic theory which states that the sun and planets came from the same material. And second dualistic theory states the sun and the earth comes from a different source materials and terbetuk at different times.
Buffon's Theory of Comets
In 1745, George Comte de Buffon (1701-1788) of France dualistic and catastrophe theory postulates that states that the comet collision with the surface of the sun causes the material to form planets and the sun came out at different lengths. Buffon weakness can not explain the origin of comets. He simply assumes that the comet is much more massive than the reality.
Nebula Theory Laplace
There are several theories that inspired the formation of the theory of Laplace, starting from the French philosopher, Rena ¨ Descartes (1596-1650) who believe that the space occupied by natural œfluida semestaâ â € €? and planets formed in the whirlpool.Unfortunately this theory is not supported by scientific foundation.
One hundred years later, Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) indicate a gas cloud that contracted under the influence of gravity so that the cloud becomes flattened. This idea is based on Descartes' vortex theory but the fluid is turned into gas. After the telescope, William Herschel (1738-1822) observed a nebula which he assumed as a collection of stars who failed. In 1791, he saw a single star surrounded by a halo of light. This is what gave him the conclusion that the stars formed from the nebula and the halo is the remnant nebula.
From these theories Pierre Laplace (1749-1827) stated that there were clouds of gas and dust that rotates slowly and collapse due to gravity. At the time of collapse, angular momentum is maintained through an accelerated cycle resulting in pemipihan. During contraction there is material left behind into shape while the center of mass of the disk continues to contract. The material released into the dish to form a ring and the material inside the ring will be clustered due to gravity. Condensation also occurs in every ring that causes the formation of planetary systems. The material in the cloud that collapsed and has a dominant mass will form the sun.
But according to Clerk Maxwell (1831-1879) where the problems of this theory can only be stable if the ring consists of solid particles instead of gas. According to Maxwell's ring can not condense into planets because the force of inertia will separate the inside and outside the ring. If the separation process can be passed, the mass of the ring is far more massive than the mass of planets formed.

Other problems arise from the distribution of angular momentum where there is no specific mechanism that could explain the presence of small amounts of material, which formed the planets, can have all of its angular momentum. Should most of the angular momentum is at the center of the object. If the intrinsic angular momentum of the outer material may form a planet, then the central condensation is not possible collapse to form stars,
Completion of the Theory of Laplace
In 1854, Edouard Roche (1820-1883) said that the proposed cloud Laplace in his theory could have a high central condensation so that a large mass near the spin axis and have little connection withangular momentum. 1873, Roche refine Laplace theory with the analysis of Sun coupled atmosphere?, which has a high central condensation. This model is beyond the range of planets and collapse when cooled. In this model the sun's atmosphere. When the system is breaking down the angular velocity increases to maintain the angular momentum while the distance decreases. If the distance decreases faster than the effective radius of the atmosphere, then all the atmosphere outside the range will form a ring.
Objections from James Jeans (1877-1946). He shows thedistribution of nebulae provided by Roche, outer material will betenuous and could not resist tidal forces of the center of mass and the condensation will not occur. Jeans also mennunjukkan that forthe material in the ring that flows from the nebula that collapsed to the condensation require a greater density than the density of the system. This will result in atmospheric mass with a magnitude approaching magnitude at the center of mass, so that it can solve the problem of angular momentum.


Solar nebula theory
Solar Nebula Theory


Has become evident in the 1960's when many of the signs in meteorites sedah can Solar System are in the form of hot gas. In 1972, Safronov to publish his theory of planet formation be understood as a result of hot water vapor condensation. A number of theoretical studies done related to the gradual condensation of matter that formed the Solar System. The result is cooling occurs in a variety of temperatures and pressures.This further strengthens the idea of matter in the initial formation of the from scattering materials. Well, although the results of Safronov, indicating a very long period in the formation of planets, but the model he gave a good structure to solve the problem of time scale formation.
With a background model of Safronov, going back kebankitan dualistic theory of Laplace, which states the formation of the Sun and the planets occur spontaneously from the ball of gas and dust that slowly rotates. The difference this theory with previous theories is that this new theory can solve problems that exist in previous theories. Since then, various studies conducted to examine the Solar Nebula Theory. This theory has also become the most dominant paradigm in the cosmogony over the last decade of the 20th century. Mdel is still under development and have not really reached the level of consensus on the events that formed the solar system until the present. But there are some great ideas of the dominant theory is described in this solar nebula.
The initial idea came from Cameron who in 1978 claimed one of the initial conclusion that the nebula Somewhere in the sun, anywhere out of the orbit of Mercury, temperatures in the solar nebula is not disturbed high enough to melt the solid material in interstellar grains.
The biggest problem of Laplace's theory is the distribution of angular momentum. At the time of the nebula is formed, the angular momentum is transferred from the inside of the material that condensed into the disk that formed in the equatorial area. A number of possible mechanisms are also provided to solve how the angular momentum transfer that occurs:

Turbulence (turnover) in the disc viscosity
Gravitational effect which refers to the formation of spiral arms in disk
Interactions between ionized material that leave the central area and the magnetic field formed therein.
Angular momentum transport by waves that occur in the disc.
Solar Nebula In theory, the starting point of planet formation occurs when most of the disk consists of gas composition with 1-2% solid material and the temperature gets colder with increasing distance.
In some early versions of this theory, about 1 piringannya sufficiently massive solar masses with a density and temperature inside like those in Jupiter area and meet the criteria Jeans.Piringannya itself is not stable by gravity so that the gas giant planets will form spontaneously. The problem is that the planet will be set up very much, so the researchers leave this theory. The solution then is given disc mass only ranged from 0.01 - 0.1 solar masses. This condition is consistent with the observations and the planets formed also have to go through the process of accretion.
Accretion terrestrial planets (Earth) and giant gas plant dense core is assumed to occur in 2 stages. The first stage involves the formation of planetesimals. Planetesimal (the size of hundreds of meters to tens of kilo meters) is a collection of dust that forms a thin layer in the dish. In this condition the situation is very unstable and the condensation of solid material in it will form a planetesimal.In every area of the ring nebula, there will be one of the dominant object and then arrested and the surrounding planetesimal mengakresi sbeuah form new objects. If the gas planet's core had formed, he will begin to attract the gas in the nebula to form a gas planet. This process occurs within a short amount of about 105 years.
For the formation of satellites, there is no specific theory in addition to the satellite is an object that is formed by the same mechanism in a smaller size scale. Therefore, the collapse of the proto-planetary disks should form the equatorial and condensation in the field of proto-satellites will also form part of it.
Important issues and problems faced Solar Nebula Theory, among others:
This theory is monistic theory that simultaneously deals with the distribution of mass and angular momentum.
Several mechanisms or combination of mechanisms must be shown to be able to transfer enough angular momentum from the Sun that condense into the disc.
Must also be shown that the planet will be formed at an appropriate time scale with the lifetime of the disk that has been observed (<107 years)
Excess disc material left over after planet formation must bediscarded.
This model predicts only a planar system, the tilt axis of rotation of the Solar System should be explained.






























TSUNAMI, THE CAUSES AND PUNITIVE
Posted on March 5, 2009 by harytami3 | Leave a comment
II. Causes of Occurrence of Tsunamis

Tsunamis occur due to the impulsive disturbance of sea water due to the change in the basic form of a sudden the sea. This happens because of three reasons, namely: earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and avalanches (land slides) that occur on the seabed. Of the three causes of tsunamis, earthquakes are the main cause. The size of the tsunami wave is determined by the characteristics of the earthquake that caused it.
The biggest part implusif noise source that caused the tsunami was devastating earthquake that occurred on the seabed. Although volcanic eruptions can also cause devastating tsunamis, such as the eruption of Krakatoa in 1883.
Earthquakes on the ocean floor has led to disruption of seawater, which caused changes in seabed profiles. Profile of the seabed is generally caused due to a tectonic earthquake thatcould cause soil movement perpendicular to the surface of seawater or the earth's surface. If the horizontal ground motion withsea level, it will not happen tsunami.

When an earthquake occurs towing, even though this earthquake ground motion is horizontal, but because a big earthquake energy, it can tear down the cliffs (the hills) in the sea, which in itself is the movement of debris in perpendicular to the surface of the sea. Thus, although not an earthquake but because of circumstances hill / sea cliffs are unstable, then the force of gravity and ocean currents can cause landslides and tsunamis happen eventually. This never happened in Larantuka in Padang in 1976 and 1980.
Earthquakes are most likely to cause a tsunami is:
1. The earthquake that occurred on the seabed.
2. The depth of the epicenter less than 60 km.
3. Earthquake magnitudes greater than 6.0 on the Richter Scale.
4. Type of fault classified earthquake fault or a fault down. The forces of this kind usually occur at the opening zones and fault zones.

TERMS FROM TSUNAMI
The term tsunami comes from the Japanese Tsu means harborand nami meaning gelombanglaut. From this story comes the termtsunami. Initially the tsunami means harbor waveyangmenghantam.







Venus is hotter than a volcano

VIVAnews - Venus, the planet that has many similarities to Earth,where surface temperatures are at about 480 degrees celsius, it seems more dire than previously known.

From recent observations by the European space satellite, on theplanet, revealed that Venus is filled with active volcanoes.

When investigations are conducted NASA's Magellan to Venussurface was conducted in early 1990, scientists mapped Venus indetail and find that the planet's surface is flat, but rich in whatlooked like a sleeping volcano.

Knowing this, researchers made two theories to explain why the planet has a flat surface.
First, Venus has experienced flooding in the entire region of lava flows around the planet 500 million years ago and then fell into a coma in geology. The second theory, the planet continues to stay awake and lava sprayed continuously.

As quoted from Space, December 27, 2010, from infrared datacollected Venus Express, orbiting satellite observers on the planet,monitoring results tend to support the second theory.

"The flow of lava in certain parts of the planet Venus who comesfrom a number of volcanoes weather seemed unaffected. That is,the flow of lava was not more than 2.5 million years old, "said Suzanne Smrekar, researchers from the Jet PropulsionLaboratory.

Some of the volcanoes, said Smrekar, the possibility now stillerupt. "So, geologically speaking, the planet did not die. He isactive and ready to clash, "he said. (hs)


Theory of the solar system
Formation of the Solar System Theory After Newton

The appearance of Newton's theory of gravity becomes a strong foundation in creating a scientific theory formation of the Solar System. In this article will discuss the theory of the formation of the solar system born after the era of Newton until the end of the 19th century. The development of the theory of the formation of the solar system until 1960, divided into two schools of thought ie monistic theory which states that the sun and planets came from the same material. And second dualistic theory states the sun and the earth comes from a different source materials and terbetuk at different times.
Buffon's Theory of Comets
In 1745, George Comte de Buffon (1701-1788) of France dualistic and catastrophe theory postulates that states that the comet collision with the surface of the sun causes the material to form planets and the sun came out at different lengths. Buffon weakness can not explain the origin of comets. He simply assumes that the comet is much more massive than the reality.
Nebula Theory Laplace
There are several theories that inspired the formation of the theory of Laplace, starting from the French philosopher, Rena ¨ Descartes (1596-1650) who believe that the space occupied by natural œfluida semestaâ â € €? and planets formed in the whirlpool.Unfortunately this theory is not supported by scientific foundation.
One hundred years later, Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) indicate a gas cloud that contracted under the influence of gravity so that the cloud becomes flattened. This idea is based on Descartes' vortex theory but the fluid is turned into gas. After the telescope, William Herschel (1738-1822) observed a nebula which he assumed as a collection of stars who failed. In 1791, he saw a single star surrounded by a halo of light. This is what gave him the conclusion that the stars formed from the nebula and the halo is the remnant nebula.
From these theories Pierre Laplace (1749-1827) stated that there were clouds of gas and dust that rotates slowly and collapse due to gravity. At the time of collapse, angular momentum is maintained through an accelerated cycle resulting in pemipihan. During contraction there is material left behind into shape while the center of mass of the disk continues to contract. The material released into the dish to form a ring and the material inside the ring will be clustered due to gravity. Condensation also occurs in every ring that causes the formation of planetary systems. The material in the cloud that collapsed and has a dominant mass will form the sun.
But according to Clerk Maxwell (1831-1879) where the problems of this theory can only be stable if the ring consists of solid particles instead of gas. According to Maxwell's ring can not condense into planets because the force of inertia will separate the inside and outside the ring. If the separation process can be passed, the mass of the ring is far more massive than the mass of planets formed.

Other problems arise from the distribution of angular momentum where there is no specific mechanism that could explain the presence of small amounts of material, which formed the planets, can have all of its angular momentum. Should most of the angular momentum is at the center of the object. If the intrinsic angular momentum of the outer material may form a planet, then the central condensation is not possible collapse to form stars,
Completion of the Theory of Laplace
In 1854, Edouard Roche (1820-1883) said that the proposed cloud Laplace in his theory could have a high central condensation so that a large mass near the spin axis and have little connection withangular momentum. 1873, Roche refine Laplace theory with the analysis of Sun coupled atmosphere?, which has a high central condensation. This model is beyond the range of planets and collapse when cooled. In this model the sun's atmosphere. When the system is breaking down the angular velocity increases to maintain the angular momentum while the distance decreases. If the distance decreases faster than the effective radius of the atmosphere, then all the atmosphere outside the range will form a ring.
Objections from James Jeans (1877-1946). He shows thedistribution of nebulae provided by Roche, outer material will betenuous and could not resist tidal forces of the center of mass and the condensation will not occur. Jeans also mennunjukkan that forthe material in the ring that flows from the nebula that collapsed to the condensation require a greater density than the density of the system. This will result in atmospheric mass with a magnitude approaching magnitude at the center of mass, so that it can solve the problem of angular momentum.


Solar nebula theory
Solar Nebula Theory


Has become evident in the 1960's when many of the signs in meteorites sedah can Solar System are in the form of hot gas. In 1972, Safronov to publish his theory of planet formation be understood as a result of hot water vapor condensation. A number of theoretical studies done related to the gradual condensation of matter that formed the Solar System. The result is cooling occurs in a variety of temperatures and pressures.This further strengthens the idea of matter in the initial formation of the from scattering materials. Well, although the results of Safronov, indicating a very long period in the formation of planets, but the model he gave a good structure to solve the problem of time scale formation.
With a background model of Safronov, going back kebankitan dualistic theory of Laplace, which states the formation of the Sun and the planets occur spontaneously from the ball of gas and dust that slowly rotates. The difference this theory with previous theories is that this new theory can solve problems that exist in previous theories. Since then, various studies conducted to examine the Solar Nebula Theory. This theory has also become the most dominant paradigm in the cosmogony over the last decade of the 20th century. Mdel is still under development and have not really reached the level of consensus on the events that formed the solar system until the present. But there are some great ideas of the dominant theory is described in this solar nebula.
The initial idea came from Cameron who in 1978 claimed one of the initial conclusion that the nebula Somewhere in the sun, anywhere out of the orbit of Mercury, temperatures in the solar nebula is not disturbed high enough to melt the solid material in interstellar grains.
The biggest problem of Laplace's theory is the distribution of angular momentum. At the time of the nebula is formed, the angular momentum is transferred from the inside of the material that condensed into the disk that formed in the equatorial area. A number of possible mechanisms are also provided to solve how the angular momentum transfer that occurs:

Turbulence (turnover) in the disc viscosity
Gravitational effect which refers to the formation of spiral arms in disk
Interactions between ionized material that leave the central area and the magnetic field formed therein.
Angular momentum transport by waves that occur in the disc.
Solar Nebula In theory, the starting point of planet formation occurs when most of the disk consists of gas composition with 1-2% solid material and the temperature gets colder with increasing distance.
In some early versions of this theory, about 1 piringannya sufficiently massive solar masses with a density and temperature inside like those in Jupiter area and meet the criteria Jeans.Piringannya itself is not stable by gravity so that the gas giant planets will form spontaneously. The problem is that the planet will be set up very much, so the researchers leave this theory. The solution then is given disc mass only ranged from 0.01 - 0.1 solar masses. This condition is consistent with the observations and the planets formed also have to go through the process of accretion.
Accretion terrestrial planets (Earth) and giant gas plant dense core is assumed to occur in 2 stages. The first stage involves the formation of planetesimals. Planetesimal (the size of hundreds of meters to tens of kilo meters) is a collection of dust that forms a thin layer in the dish. In this condition the situation is very unstable and the condensation of solid material in it will form a planetesimal.In every area of the ring nebula, there will be one of the dominant object and then arrested and the surrounding planetesimal mengakresi sbeuah form new objects. If the gas planet's core had formed, he will begin to attract the gas in the nebula to form a gas planet. This process occurs within a short amount of about 105 years.
For the formation of satellites, there is no specific theory in addition to the satellite is an object that is formed by the same mechanism in a smaller size scale. Therefore, the collapse of the proto-planetary disks should form the equatorial and condensation in the field of proto-satellites will also form part of it.
Important issues and problems faced Solar Nebula Theory, among others:
This theory is monistic theory that simultaneously deals with the distribution of mass and angular momentum.
Several mechanisms or combination of mechanisms must be shown to be able to transfer enough angular momentum from the Sun that condense into the disc.
Must also be shown that the planet will be formed at an appropriate time scale with the lifetime of the disk that has been observed (<107 years)
Excess disc material left over after planet formation must bediscarded.
This model predicts only a planar system, the tilt axis of rotation of the Solar System should be explained.