The Disadvantages of Mobile Phone
for Student at Junior High School
A mobile phone ( also known as a Cellular Phone) is a device which can make and receive telephone calls over a radio link whilst moving around a wide geographic area. As we know mobile phone that used for our necessity or style in our life. Unfortunately, the student at junior high school they are misuse employing of mobile phone. However, mobile phone has disadvantages especially for student at junior high school usually they put the mobile phone in the pocket or school bag, in order not to get caught by a teacher during the lesson. Realize of that there are two disadvantages of mobile phone.
The first is student listen to the music while studying in the classroom, it could the radiation of their ear and it can disturb the concentration of their study. A study led by Dr Agarwal, Ph.D summarizes some of the researched health consequences of the microwave radiation are exposed to though mobile phone use:
Electromagnetic waves alter [electric activity of the brain] and cause disturbance in sleep ; cause difficulty in concentration, fatigue, and headache ; and increase reaction time in a time-dependent manner. They increase the resting blood pressure and reduce the production of melatonin. They are also implicated in DNA strand breaks.
The second is student can save the video which should not they watch (porn video). Automatically their mind will change, will often mirages, not focus of what their obligation such as school, worship, read the holly Qur’an nor the related obligations and less respect for older people than them, and loss of decorum.
Therefore, we realize that as a prospective teacher we must work together with their parents where parents should control their children mobile phones in order to avoid undesirable. If we as the parents tell our children not to answer calls from numbers they do not know. Make regulations for the time spent talking, when mobile phones can be used, and when the phone must be switched off. You might to check the call time to ensure they are made within the limits you set and can control any application of their mobile phone.
Minggu, 11 Desember 2011
Senin, 11 Juli 2011
ya'juz ma'juz
Fenomena tentang Tembok (dinding pemisah) Ja’juj-Ma’juj beraneka ragam, tetapi sangat baik sebagai bahan renungan (befikir), yaitu untuk mengingat kandungan Al Qur’an. Kebenaran Al Qur’an memang tidak diragukan, tetapi setiap manusia berkuwajiban untuk memikirkan (pembuktian) kandungan Al Qur’an sebagai dzikir (mengingat) atas kebesaran Allah. Hanya orang yang mau mengunakan akalnya yang beruntung. Tetapi kekuatan daya pikir manusia terbatas…….!, selama tujuan mensikapi fenomena alam untuk mengingat keAgunngan Allah dan memikirkan tanda-tanda kekuasaanNYa, Insya Allah hidayah dan ampunan menyertainya……….
Ada Artikel lain yang sangat menarik membahas letak Tembok Besi Ya’juj dan Ma’juj, yaitu artikel “Tembok Ya’juj & Ma’juj terbuka” ( http://muslimvillage.wordpress.com/ ) disebutkan ;
Berdasarkan keterangan Surah al-Kahfi:92-98, fakta relevan mengenali Ya’juj & Ma’juj ialah:
a. Negeri Ya’juj & Ma’juj = Khazaria & Russia (Gog is the Anglo-American-Israeli alliance and Magog is Russia)
b. Jalan ke utara = ke utara Iran menuju ke Armenia
c. Di antara dua gunung = Gunung Caucasus
d. Kaum hampir mereka tidak memahami perkataan = Kaum Armenia
e. Tembok besi = Daryal Gorge/Iberian Gates/Caucasian Gates
dan
…. Anda boleh merujuk buku bagi memahami maksud “tembok yang menyekat Ya’juj & Ma’juj”. Tembok tersebut dipanggil sebagai Daryal Gorge/Iberian Gates/Caucasian Gates, iaitu tembok diperbuat daripada besi bercampur tembaga.
Setelah aku coba mencari ” Darial Gorge ” dengan Google Earth kutemukan koordinat 42°44′41.00″N 44°37′21.00″E, yaitu perbatasan “Perbatasan Gorgea dan Rusia”. Kebenaran (letak Ya’juj dan Ma’juj) ini Wallahu’alam.
Dari pada penasaran coba aja deh…….. , jangan lupa dengan Google Earth 42°44′41.00″N 44°37′21.00″E, jika diubek-ubek memang lokasinya menarik… seperti ada bongkahan-bongkahan besi……….
Tentang kebenarannya Wallahu’alam.
Al Qur’an Surah 18. Al Kahfi – ayat 94
Mereka berkata: “Hai Dzulkarnain, sesungguhnya Ya’juj dan Ma’juj[892] itu orang-orang yang membuat kerusakan di muka bumi, maka dapatkah kami memberikan sesuatu pembayaran kepadamu, supaya kamu membuat dinding antara kami dan mereka?”
[892]. Ya’juj dan Ma’juj ialah dua bangsa yang membuat kerusakan di muka bumi, sebagai yang telah dilakukan oleh bangsa Tartar dan Mongol.
Al Qur’an Surah 21. Al Anbiyaa’ – ayat 96-97 96. Hingga apabila dibukakan (tembok) Ya’juj dan Ma’juj, dan mereka turun dengan cepat dari seluruh tempat yang tinggi.
97. Dan telah dekatlah kedatangan janji yang benar (hari berbangkit), maka tiba-tiba terbelalaklah mata orang-orang yang kafir. (Mereka berkata): “Aduhai, celakalah kami, sesungguhnsesungguhnya kami adalah dalam kelalaian tentang ini, bahkan kami adalah orang-orang yang zalim.”
Ya-juj dan Ma-juj dalam Hadits
Dari Zainab Binti Jahsh -isteri Nabi SAW, berkata; “Nabi SAW bangun dari tidurnya dengan wajah memerah, kemudian bersabda; “Tiada Tuhan selain Allah, celakalah bagi Arab dari kejahatan yang telah dekat pada hari kiamat, (yaitu) Telah dibukanya penutup Ya-juj dan Ma-juj seperti ini !” beliau melingkarkan jari tangannya. (Dalam riwayat lain tangannya membentuk isyarat 70 atau 90), Aku bertanya; “Ya Rasulullah SAW, apakah kita akan dihancurkan walaupun ada orang-orang shalih ?” Beliau menjawab; “Ya, Jika banyak kejelekan.” (HR. Ahmad, Al-Bukhari dan Muslim)
Jenis dan Asal Usul Ya-juj dan Ma-juj dalam QS. Al-Kahfi : 94
Ya-juj dan Ma-juj menurut ahli lughah ada yang menyebut isim musytaq (memiliki akar kata dari bhs. Arab) berasal dari AJAJA AN-NAR artinya jilatan api. Atau dari AL-AJJAH (bercampur/sangat panas), al-Ajju (cepat bermusuhan), Al-Ijajah (air yang memancar keras) dengan wazan MAF’UL dan YAF’UL / FA’UL. Menurut Abu Hatim, Ma-juj berasal dari MAJA yaitu kekacauan. Ma-juj berasal dari Mu-juj yaitu Malaja. Namun, menurut pendapat yang shahih, Ya-juj dan Ma-juj bukan isim musytaq tapi merupakan isim ‘Ajam dan Laqab (julukan). Para ulama sepakat, bahwa Ya-juj dan Ma-juj termasuk spesies manusia. Mereka berbeda dalam menentukan siapa nenek moyangnya. Ada yang menyebutkan dari sulbi Adam AS dan Hawa atau dari Adam AS saja. Ada pula yang menyebut dari sulbi Nabi Nuh AS dari keturunan Syis/At-Turk menurut hadits Ibnu Katsir. Sebagaimana dijelaskan dalam tarikh, Nabi Nuh AS mempunyai tiga anak, Sam, Ham, Syis/At-Turk. Ada lagi yang menyebut keturunan dari Yafuts Bin Nuh. Menurut Al-Maraghi, Ya-juj dan Ma-juj berasal dari satu ayah yaitu Turk, Ya-juj adalah At-Tatar (Tartar) dan Ma-juj adalah Al-Maghul (Mongol), namun keterangan ini tidak kuat. Mereka tinggal di Asia bagian Timur dan menguasai dari Tibet, China sampai Turkistan Barat dan Tamujin.
Mereka dikenal sebagai Jengis Khan (berarti Raja Dunia) pada abad ke-7 H di Asia Tengah dan menaklukan Cina Timur. Ditaklukan oleh Quthbuddin Bin Armilan dari Raja Khuwarizmi yang diteruskan oleh anaknya Aqthay. “Batu” anak saudaranya menukar dengan negara Rusia tahun 723 H dan menghancurkan Babilon dan Hongaria. Kemudian digantikan Jaluk dan dijajah Romawi dengan menggantikan anak saudaranya Manju, diganti saudaranya Kilay yang menaklukan Cina. Saudaranya Hulako menundukan negara Islam dan menjatuhkan Bagdad pada masa daulah Abasia ketika dipimpin Khalifah Al-Mu’tashim Billah pertengahan abad ke-7 H / 656 H.
Ya-juj dan Ma-juj adalah kaum yang banyak keturunannya.Menurut mitos, mereka tidak mati sebelum melihat seribu anak lelakinya membawa senjata. Mereka taat pada peraturan masyarakat, adab dan pemimpinnya. Ada yang menyebut mereka berperawakan sangat tinggi sampai beberapa meter dan ada yang sangat pendek sampai beberapa centimeter. Konon, telinga mereka panjang, tapi ini tidak berdasar.
Pada QS. Al-Kahfi:94, Ya-juj dan Ma-juj adalah kaum yang kasar dan biadab. Jika mereka melewati perkampungan, membabad semua yang menghalangi dan merusak atau bila perlu membunuh penduduk. Karenya, ketika Dzulkarnain datang, mereka minta dibuatkan benteng agar mereka tidak dapat menembus dan mengusik ketenangan penduduk.
Siapakah Dzulkarnain ?
* Menurut versi Barat, Dzulkarnain adalah Iskandar Bin Philips Al-Maqduny Al-Yunany (orang Mecedonia, Yunani). Ia berkuasa selama 330 tahun. Membangun Iskandariah dan murid Aristoteles. Memerangi Persia dan menikahi puterinya. Mengadakan ekspansi ke India dan menaklukan Mesir.
* Menurut Asy-Syaukany, pendapat di atas sulit diterima, karena hal ini mengisyaratkan ia seorang kafir dan filosof. Sedangkan al-Quran menyebutkan; “Kami (Allah) mengokohkannya di bumi dan Kami memberikan kepadanya sebab segala sesuatu.”
* Menurut sejarawan muslim Dzulkarnain adalah julukan Abu Karb Al-Himyari atau Abu Bakar Bin Ifraiqisy dari daulah Al-Jumairiyah (115 SM – 552 M.). Kerajaannya disebut At-Tababi’ah. Dijuluki Dzulkarnain (Pemilik dua tanduk), karena kekuasaannya yang sangat luas, mulai ujung tanduk matahari di Barat sampai Timur. Menurut Ibnu Abbas, ia adalah seorang raja yang shalih.
Ia seorang pengembara dan ketika sampai di antara dua gunung antara Armenia dan Azzarbaijan. Atas permintaan penduduk, Dzulkarnain membangun benteng. Para arkeolog menemukan benteng tersebut pada awal abad ke-15 M, di belakang Jeihun dalam ekspedisi Balkh dan disebut sebagai “Babul Hadid” (Pintu Besi) di dekat Tarmidz. Timurleng pernah melewatinya, juga Syah Rukh dan ilmuwan German Slade Verger. Arkeolog Spanyol Klapigeo pada tahun 1403 H. Pernah diutus oleh Raja Qisythalah di Andalus ke sana dan bertamu pada Timurleng. “Babul Hadid” adalah jalan penghubung antara Samarqindi dan India.
BENARKAH TEMBOK CINA ADALAH TEMBOK Zulkarnain ?
Banyak orang menyangka itulah tembok yang dibuat oleh Zulkarnain dalam surat Al Kahfi. Dan yang disebut Ya’juj dan Ma’juj adalah bangsa Mongol dari Utara yang merusak dan menghancurkan negeri-negeri yang mereka taklukkan. Mari kita cermati kelanjutan surat Al Kahfi ayat 95-98 tentang itu. Zulkarnain memenuhi permintaan penduduk setempat untuk membuatkan tembok pembatas. Dia meminta bijih besi dicurahkan ke lembah antara dua bukit. Lalu minta api dinyalakan sampai besi mencair. Maka jadilah tembok logam yang licin tidak bisa dipanjat. Ada tiga hal yang berbeda antara Tembok Cina dan Tembok Zulkarnain. Pertama, tembok Cina terbuat dari batu-batu besar yang disusun, bukan dari besi. Kedua, tembok itu dibangun bertahap selama ratusan tahun oleh raja-raja Dinasti Han, Ming, dst. Sambung-menyambung. Ketiga, dalam Al Kahfi ayat 86, ketika bertemu dengan suatu kaum di Barat, Allah berfirman,
“Wahai Zulkarnain, terserah padamu apakah akan engkau siksa kaum itu atau engkau berikan kebaikan pada mereka.” Artinya, Zulkarnain mendapat wahyu langsung dari Tuhan, sedangkan raja-raja Cina itu tidak. Maka jelaslah bahwa tembok Cina bukan yang dimaksud dalam surat Al Kahfi. Jadi di manakah tembok Zulkarnain?
BEBERAPA PENELITIAN TEMBOK YA’JUJ
Abdullah Yusuf Ali dalam tafsir The Holy Qur’an menulis bahwa di distrik Hissar, Uzbekistan, 240 km di sebelah tenggara Bukhara, ada celah sempit di antara gunung-gunung batu. Letaknya di jalur utama antara Turkestan ke India dengan ordinat 38oN dan 67oE. Tempat itu kini bernama buzghol-khana dalam bahasa Turki, tetapi dulu nama Arabnya adalah bab al hadid. Orang Persia menyebutnya dar-i-ahani. Orang Cina menamakannya tie-men-kuan. Semuanya bermakna pintu gerbang besi.
Hiouen Tsiang, seorang pengembara Cina pernah melewati pintu berlapis besi itu dalam perjalanannya ke India di abad ke-7. Tidak jauh dari sana ada danau yang dinamakan Iskandar Kul. Di tahun 842 Khalifah Bani Abbasiyah, al-Watsiq, mengutus sebuah tim ekspedisi ke gerbang besi tadi. Mereka masih mendapati gerbang di antara gunung selebar 137 m dengan kolom besar di kiri kanan terbuat dari balok-balok besi yang dicor dengan cairan tembaga, tempat bergantung daun pintu raksasa. Persis seperti bunyi surat Al Kahfi.
Pada Perang Dunia II, konon Winston Churchill, pemimpin Inggris, mengenali gerbang besi itu.
Apa pun tentang keberadaan dinding penutup tersebut, ia memang terbukti ada sampai sekarang di Azerbaijan dan Armenia. Tepatnya ada di perunungan yang sangat tinggi dan sangat keras. Ia berdiri tegak seolah-olah diapit oleh dua buah tembok yang sangat tinggi. Tempat itu tercantum pada peta-peta Islam mahupun Rusia, terletak di republik Georgia.
Al-Syarif al-Idrisi menegaskan hal itu melalui riwayat penelitian yang dilakukan Sallam, staf peneliti pada masa Khalifah al-Watsiq Billah (Abbasiah). Konon, Al-Watsiq pernah bermimpi tembok penghalang yang dibangun Iskandar Dzul Qarnain untuk memenjarakan Ya’juj-Ma’juj terbuka.
Mimpi itu mendorong Khalifah untuk mengetahui perihal tembok itu saat itu, juga lokasi pastinya. Al-Watsiq menginstruksikan kepada Sallam untuk mencari tahu tentang tembok itu. Saat itu sallam ditemani 50 orang. Penelitian tersebut memakan biaya besar. Tersebut dalam Nuzhat al-Musytaq, buku geografi, karya al-Idrisi, Al-Watsiq mengeluarkan biaya 5000 dinar untuk penelitian ini.
Rombongan Sallam berangkat ke Armenia. Di situ ia menemui Ishaq bin Ismail, penguasa Armenia. Dari Armenia ia berangkat lagi ke arah utara ke daerah-daerah Rusia. Ia membawa surat dari Ishaq ke penguasa Sarir, lalu ke Raja Lan, lalu ke penguasa Faylan (nama-nama daerah ini tidak dikenal sekarang). Penguasa Faylan mengutus lima penunjuk jalan untuk membantu Sallam sampai ke pegunungan Ya’juj-Ma’juj. 27 hari Sallam mengarungi puing-puing daerah Basjarat. Ia kemudian tiba di sebuah daerah luas bertanah hitam berbau tidak enak. Selama 10 hari, Sallam melewati daerah yang menyesakkan itu. Ia kemudian tiba di wilayah berantakan, tak berpenghuni. Penunjuk jalan mengatakan kepada Sallam bahwa daerah itu adalah daerah yang dihancurkan oleh Ya’juj-Ma’juj tempo dulu. Selama 6 hari, berjalan menuju daerah benteng. Daerah itu berpenghuni dan berada di balik gunung tempat Ya’juj-Ma’juj berada. Sallam kemudian pergi menuju pegunungan Ya’juj-Ma’juj. Di situ ia melihat pegunungan yang terpisah lembah. Luas lembah sekitar 150 meter. Lembah ini ditutup tembok berpintu besi sekitar 50 meter.
Dalam Nuzhat al-Musytaq, gambaran Sallam tentang tembok dan pintu besi itu disebutkan dengan sangat detail (Anda yang ingin tahu bentuk detailnya, silakan baca: Muzhat al-Musytaq fi Ikhtiraq al-Afaq, karya al-Syarif al-Idrisi, hal. 934 -938).
Al-Idrisi juga menceritakan bahwa menurut cerita Sallam penduduk di sekitar pegunungan biasanya memukul kunci pintu besi 3 kali dalam sehari. Setelah itu mereka menempelkan telinganya ke pintu untuk mendengarkan reaksi dari dalam pintu. Ternyata, mereka mendengar gema teriakan dari dalam. Hal itu menunjukkan bahwa di dalam pintu betul-betul ada makhluk jenis manusia yang konon Ya’juj-Ma’juj itu.
Ya’juj-Ma’juj sendiri, menurut penuturan al-Syarif al-Idrisi dalam Nuzhat al-Musytaq, adalah dua suku keturunan Sam bin Nuh. Mereka sering mengganggu, menyerbu, membunuh, suku-suku lain. Mereka pembuat onar, dan sering menghancurkan suatu daerah. Masyarakat mengadukan kelakuan suku Ya’juj dan Ma’juj kepada Iskandar Dzul Qarnain, Raja Macedonia. Iskandar kemudian menggiring (mengusir) mereka ke sebuah pegunungan, lalu menutupnya dengan tembok dan pintu besi.
Menjelang Kiamat nanti, pintu itu akan jebol. Mereka keluar dan membuat onar dunia, sampai turunnya Nabi Isa al-Masih.
Dalam Nuzhat al-Musytaq, al-Syarif al-Idrisi juga menuturkan bahwa Sallam pernah bertanya kepada penduduk sekitar pegunungan, apakah ada yang pernah melihat Ya’juj-Ma’juj. Mereka mengaku pernah melihat gerombolan orang di atas tembok penutup. Lalu angin badai bertiup melemparkan mereka. Penduduk di situ melihat tubuh mereka sangat kecil. Setelah itu, Sallam pulang melalui Taraz (Kazakhtan), kemudian Samarkand (Uzbekistan), lalu kota Ray (Iran), dan kembali ke istana al-Watsiq di Surra Man Ra’a, Iraq. Ia kemudian menceritakan dengan detail hasil penelitiannya kepada Khalifah. Kalau menurut penuturan Ibnu Bathuthah dalam kitab Rahlat Ibn Bathuthah pegunungan Ya’juj-Ma’juj berada sekitar perjalanan 6 hari dari Cina. Penuturan ini tidak bertentangan dengan al-Syarif al-Idrisi. Soalnya di sebelah Barat Laut Cina adalah daerah-daerah Rusia. Referensi: Az-Zuhaily, Tafsir Al-Munir. Dr. Thaha Ad-Dasuqy, ‘Aqidatuna Wa Shilatuha Bil Kaun Wal Insan Wal Hayat, Darul Huda, Kairo, 1995. Syekh Sya’ban ‘Abdulhadi Abu Rabah, Islamiyat, Haqaiq Fi Dzilli Tauhid Al-Ara Al-Islamiyah, Muassasah Al-’Arabiyah Al-Haditsiyah, Kairo, 1991
Ada Artikel lain yang sangat menarik membahas letak Tembok Besi Ya’juj dan Ma’juj, yaitu artikel “Tembok Ya’juj & Ma’juj terbuka” ( http://muslimvillage.wordpress.com/ ) disebutkan ;
Berdasarkan keterangan Surah al-Kahfi:92-98, fakta relevan mengenali Ya’juj & Ma’juj ialah:
a. Negeri Ya’juj & Ma’juj = Khazaria & Russia (Gog is the Anglo-American-Israeli alliance and Magog is Russia)
b. Jalan ke utara = ke utara Iran menuju ke Armenia
c. Di antara dua gunung = Gunung Caucasus
d. Kaum hampir mereka tidak memahami perkataan = Kaum Armenia
e. Tembok besi = Daryal Gorge/Iberian Gates/Caucasian Gates
dan
…. Anda boleh merujuk buku bagi memahami maksud “tembok yang menyekat Ya’juj & Ma’juj”. Tembok tersebut dipanggil sebagai Daryal Gorge/Iberian Gates/Caucasian Gates, iaitu tembok diperbuat daripada besi bercampur tembaga.
Setelah aku coba mencari ” Darial Gorge ” dengan Google Earth kutemukan koordinat 42°44′41.00″N 44°37′21.00″E, yaitu perbatasan “Perbatasan Gorgea dan Rusia”. Kebenaran (letak Ya’juj dan Ma’juj) ini Wallahu’alam.
Dari pada penasaran coba aja deh…….. , jangan lupa dengan Google Earth 42°44′41.00″N 44°37′21.00″E, jika diubek-ubek memang lokasinya menarik… seperti ada bongkahan-bongkahan besi……….
Tentang kebenarannya Wallahu’alam.
Al Qur’an Surah 18. Al Kahfi – ayat 94
Mereka berkata: “Hai Dzulkarnain, sesungguhnya Ya’juj dan Ma’juj[892] itu orang-orang yang membuat kerusakan di muka bumi, maka dapatkah kami memberikan sesuatu pembayaran kepadamu, supaya kamu membuat dinding antara kami dan mereka?”
[892]. Ya’juj dan Ma’juj ialah dua bangsa yang membuat kerusakan di muka bumi, sebagai yang telah dilakukan oleh bangsa Tartar dan Mongol.
Al Qur’an Surah 21. Al Anbiyaa’ – ayat 96-97 96. Hingga apabila dibukakan (tembok) Ya’juj dan Ma’juj, dan mereka turun dengan cepat dari seluruh tempat yang tinggi.
97. Dan telah dekatlah kedatangan janji yang benar (hari berbangkit), maka tiba-tiba terbelalaklah mata orang-orang yang kafir. (Mereka berkata): “Aduhai, celakalah kami, sesungguhnsesungguhnya kami adalah dalam kelalaian tentang ini, bahkan kami adalah orang-orang yang zalim.”
Ya-juj dan Ma-juj dalam Hadits
Dari Zainab Binti Jahsh -isteri Nabi SAW, berkata; “Nabi SAW bangun dari tidurnya dengan wajah memerah, kemudian bersabda; “Tiada Tuhan selain Allah, celakalah bagi Arab dari kejahatan yang telah dekat pada hari kiamat, (yaitu) Telah dibukanya penutup Ya-juj dan Ma-juj seperti ini !” beliau melingkarkan jari tangannya. (Dalam riwayat lain tangannya membentuk isyarat 70 atau 90), Aku bertanya; “Ya Rasulullah SAW, apakah kita akan dihancurkan walaupun ada orang-orang shalih ?” Beliau menjawab; “Ya, Jika banyak kejelekan.” (HR. Ahmad, Al-Bukhari dan Muslim)
Jenis dan Asal Usul Ya-juj dan Ma-juj dalam QS. Al-Kahfi : 94
Ya-juj dan Ma-juj menurut ahli lughah ada yang menyebut isim musytaq (memiliki akar kata dari bhs. Arab) berasal dari AJAJA AN-NAR artinya jilatan api. Atau dari AL-AJJAH (bercampur/sangat panas), al-Ajju (cepat bermusuhan), Al-Ijajah (air yang memancar keras) dengan wazan MAF’UL dan YAF’UL / FA’UL. Menurut Abu Hatim, Ma-juj berasal dari MAJA yaitu kekacauan. Ma-juj berasal dari Mu-juj yaitu Malaja. Namun, menurut pendapat yang shahih, Ya-juj dan Ma-juj bukan isim musytaq tapi merupakan isim ‘Ajam dan Laqab (julukan). Para ulama sepakat, bahwa Ya-juj dan Ma-juj termasuk spesies manusia. Mereka berbeda dalam menentukan siapa nenek moyangnya. Ada yang menyebutkan dari sulbi Adam AS dan Hawa atau dari Adam AS saja. Ada pula yang menyebut dari sulbi Nabi Nuh AS dari keturunan Syis/At-Turk menurut hadits Ibnu Katsir. Sebagaimana dijelaskan dalam tarikh, Nabi Nuh AS mempunyai tiga anak, Sam, Ham, Syis/At-Turk. Ada lagi yang menyebut keturunan dari Yafuts Bin Nuh. Menurut Al-Maraghi, Ya-juj dan Ma-juj berasal dari satu ayah yaitu Turk, Ya-juj adalah At-Tatar (Tartar) dan Ma-juj adalah Al-Maghul (Mongol), namun keterangan ini tidak kuat. Mereka tinggal di Asia bagian Timur dan menguasai dari Tibet, China sampai Turkistan Barat dan Tamujin.
Mereka dikenal sebagai Jengis Khan (berarti Raja Dunia) pada abad ke-7 H di Asia Tengah dan menaklukan Cina Timur. Ditaklukan oleh Quthbuddin Bin Armilan dari Raja Khuwarizmi yang diteruskan oleh anaknya Aqthay. “Batu” anak saudaranya menukar dengan negara Rusia tahun 723 H dan menghancurkan Babilon dan Hongaria. Kemudian digantikan Jaluk dan dijajah Romawi dengan menggantikan anak saudaranya Manju, diganti saudaranya Kilay yang menaklukan Cina. Saudaranya Hulako menundukan negara Islam dan menjatuhkan Bagdad pada masa daulah Abasia ketika dipimpin Khalifah Al-Mu’tashim Billah pertengahan abad ke-7 H / 656 H.
Ya-juj dan Ma-juj adalah kaum yang banyak keturunannya.Menurut mitos, mereka tidak mati sebelum melihat seribu anak lelakinya membawa senjata. Mereka taat pada peraturan masyarakat, adab dan pemimpinnya. Ada yang menyebut mereka berperawakan sangat tinggi sampai beberapa meter dan ada yang sangat pendek sampai beberapa centimeter. Konon, telinga mereka panjang, tapi ini tidak berdasar.
Pada QS. Al-Kahfi:94, Ya-juj dan Ma-juj adalah kaum yang kasar dan biadab. Jika mereka melewati perkampungan, membabad semua yang menghalangi dan merusak atau bila perlu membunuh penduduk. Karenya, ketika Dzulkarnain datang, mereka minta dibuatkan benteng agar mereka tidak dapat menembus dan mengusik ketenangan penduduk.
Siapakah Dzulkarnain ?
* Menurut versi Barat, Dzulkarnain adalah Iskandar Bin Philips Al-Maqduny Al-Yunany (orang Mecedonia, Yunani). Ia berkuasa selama 330 tahun. Membangun Iskandariah dan murid Aristoteles. Memerangi Persia dan menikahi puterinya. Mengadakan ekspansi ke India dan menaklukan Mesir.
* Menurut Asy-Syaukany, pendapat di atas sulit diterima, karena hal ini mengisyaratkan ia seorang kafir dan filosof. Sedangkan al-Quran menyebutkan; “Kami (Allah) mengokohkannya di bumi dan Kami memberikan kepadanya sebab segala sesuatu.”
* Menurut sejarawan muslim Dzulkarnain adalah julukan Abu Karb Al-Himyari atau Abu Bakar Bin Ifraiqisy dari daulah Al-Jumairiyah (115 SM – 552 M.). Kerajaannya disebut At-Tababi’ah. Dijuluki Dzulkarnain (Pemilik dua tanduk), karena kekuasaannya yang sangat luas, mulai ujung tanduk matahari di Barat sampai Timur. Menurut Ibnu Abbas, ia adalah seorang raja yang shalih.
Ia seorang pengembara dan ketika sampai di antara dua gunung antara Armenia dan Azzarbaijan. Atas permintaan penduduk, Dzulkarnain membangun benteng. Para arkeolog menemukan benteng tersebut pada awal abad ke-15 M, di belakang Jeihun dalam ekspedisi Balkh dan disebut sebagai “Babul Hadid” (Pintu Besi) di dekat Tarmidz. Timurleng pernah melewatinya, juga Syah Rukh dan ilmuwan German Slade Verger. Arkeolog Spanyol Klapigeo pada tahun 1403 H. Pernah diutus oleh Raja Qisythalah di Andalus ke sana dan bertamu pada Timurleng. “Babul Hadid” adalah jalan penghubung antara Samarqindi dan India.
BENARKAH TEMBOK CINA ADALAH TEMBOK Zulkarnain ?
Banyak orang menyangka itulah tembok yang dibuat oleh Zulkarnain dalam surat Al Kahfi. Dan yang disebut Ya’juj dan Ma’juj adalah bangsa Mongol dari Utara yang merusak dan menghancurkan negeri-negeri yang mereka taklukkan. Mari kita cermati kelanjutan surat Al Kahfi ayat 95-98 tentang itu. Zulkarnain memenuhi permintaan penduduk setempat untuk membuatkan tembok pembatas. Dia meminta bijih besi dicurahkan ke lembah antara dua bukit. Lalu minta api dinyalakan sampai besi mencair. Maka jadilah tembok logam yang licin tidak bisa dipanjat. Ada tiga hal yang berbeda antara Tembok Cina dan Tembok Zulkarnain. Pertama, tembok Cina terbuat dari batu-batu besar yang disusun, bukan dari besi. Kedua, tembok itu dibangun bertahap selama ratusan tahun oleh raja-raja Dinasti Han, Ming, dst. Sambung-menyambung. Ketiga, dalam Al Kahfi ayat 86, ketika bertemu dengan suatu kaum di Barat, Allah berfirman,
“Wahai Zulkarnain, terserah padamu apakah akan engkau siksa kaum itu atau engkau berikan kebaikan pada mereka.” Artinya, Zulkarnain mendapat wahyu langsung dari Tuhan, sedangkan raja-raja Cina itu tidak. Maka jelaslah bahwa tembok Cina bukan yang dimaksud dalam surat Al Kahfi. Jadi di manakah tembok Zulkarnain?
BEBERAPA PENELITIAN TEMBOK YA’JUJ
Abdullah Yusuf Ali dalam tafsir The Holy Qur’an menulis bahwa di distrik Hissar, Uzbekistan, 240 km di sebelah tenggara Bukhara, ada celah sempit di antara gunung-gunung batu. Letaknya di jalur utama antara Turkestan ke India dengan ordinat 38oN dan 67oE. Tempat itu kini bernama buzghol-khana dalam bahasa Turki, tetapi dulu nama Arabnya adalah bab al hadid. Orang Persia menyebutnya dar-i-ahani. Orang Cina menamakannya tie-men-kuan. Semuanya bermakna pintu gerbang besi.
Hiouen Tsiang, seorang pengembara Cina pernah melewati pintu berlapis besi itu dalam perjalanannya ke India di abad ke-7. Tidak jauh dari sana ada danau yang dinamakan Iskandar Kul. Di tahun 842 Khalifah Bani Abbasiyah, al-Watsiq, mengutus sebuah tim ekspedisi ke gerbang besi tadi. Mereka masih mendapati gerbang di antara gunung selebar 137 m dengan kolom besar di kiri kanan terbuat dari balok-balok besi yang dicor dengan cairan tembaga, tempat bergantung daun pintu raksasa. Persis seperti bunyi surat Al Kahfi.
Pada Perang Dunia II, konon Winston Churchill, pemimpin Inggris, mengenali gerbang besi itu.
Apa pun tentang keberadaan dinding penutup tersebut, ia memang terbukti ada sampai sekarang di Azerbaijan dan Armenia. Tepatnya ada di perunungan yang sangat tinggi dan sangat keras. Ia berdiri tegak seolah-olah diapit oleh dua buah tembok yang sangat tinggi. Tempat itu tercantum pada peta-peta Islam mahupun Rusia, terletak di republik Georgia.
Al-Syarif al-Idrisi menegaskan hal itu melalui riwayat penelitian yang dilakukan Sallam, staf peneliti pada masa Khalifah al-Watsiq Billah (Abbasiah). Konon, Al-Watsiq pernah bermimpi tembok penghalang yang dibangun Iskandar Dzul Qarnain untuk memenjarakan Ya’juj-Ma’juj terbuka.
Mimpi itu mendorong Khalifah untuk mengetahui perihal tembok itu saat itu, juga lokasi pastinya. Al-Watsiq menginstruksikan kepada Sallam untuk mencari tahu tentang tembok itu. Saat itu sallam ditemani 50 orang. Penelitian tersebut memakan biaya besar. Tersebut dalam Nuzhat al-Musytaq, buku geografi, karya al-Idrisi, Al-Watsiq mengeluarkan biaya 5000 dinar untuk penelitian ini.
Rombongan Sallam berangkat ke Armenia. Di situ ia menemui Ishaq bin Ismail, penguasa Armenia. Dari Armenia ia berangkat lagi ke arah utara ke daerah-daerah Rusia. Ia membawa surat dari Ishaq ke penguasa Sarir, lalu ke Raja Lan, lalu ke penguasa Faylan (nama-nama daerah ini tidak dikenal sekarang). Penguasa Faylan mengutus lima penunjuk jalan untuk membantu Sallam sampai ke pegunungan Ya’juj-Ma’juj. 27 hari Sallam mengarungi puing-puing daerah Basjarat. Ia kemudian tiba di sebuah daerah luas bertanah hitam berbau tidak enak. Selama 10 hari, Sallam melewati daerah yang menyesakkan itu. Ia kemudian tiba di wilayah berantakan, tak berpenghuni. Penunjuk jalan mengatakan kepada Sallam bahwa daerah itu adalah daerah yang dihancurkan oleh Ya’juj-Ma’juj tempo dulu. Selama 6 hari, berjalan menuju daerah benteng. Daerah itu berpenghuni dan berada di balik gunung tempat Ya’juj-Ma’juj berada. Sallam kemudian pergi menuju pegunungan Ya’juj-Ma’juj. Di situ ia melihat pegunungan yang terpisah lembah. Luas lembah sekitar 150 meter. Lembah ini ditutup tembok berpintu besi sekitar 50 meter.
Dalam Nuzhat al-Musytaq, gambaran Sallam tentang tembok dan pintu besi itu disebutkan dengan sangat detail (Anda yang ingin tahu bentuk detailnya, silakan baca: Muzhat al-Musytaq fi Ikhtiraq al-Afaq, karya al-Syarif al-Idrisi, hal. 934 -938).
Al-Idrisi juga menceritakan bahwa menurut cerita Sallam penduduk di sekitar pegunungan biasanya memukul kunci pintu besi 3 kali dalam sehari. Setelah itu mereka menempelkan telinganya ke pintu untuk mendengarkan reaksi dari dalam pintu. Ternyata, mereka mendengar gema teriakan dari dalam. Hal itu menunjukkan bahwa di dalam pintu betul-betul ada makhluk jenis manusia yang konon Ya’juj-Ma’juj itu.
Ya’juj-Ma’juj sendiri, menurut penuturan al-Syarif al-Idrisi dalam Nuzhat al-Musytaq, adalah dua suku keturunan Sam bin Nuh. Mereka sering mengganggu, menyerbu, membunuh, suku-suku lain. Mereka pembuat onar, dan sering menghancurkan suatu daerah. Masyarakat mengadukan kelakuan suku Ya’juj dan Ma’juj kepada Iskandar Dzul Qarnain, Raja Macedonia. Iskandar kemudian menggiring (mengusir) mereka ke sebuah pegunungan, lalu menutupnya dengan tembok dan pintu besi.
Menjelang Kiamat nanti, pintu itu akan jebol. Mereka keluar dan membuat onar dunia, sampai turunnya Nabi Isa al-Masih.
Dalam Nuzhat al-Musytaq, al-Syarif al-Idrisi juga menuturkan bahwa Sallam pernah bertanya kepada penduduk sekitar pegunungan, apakah ada yang pernah melihat Ya’juj-Ma’juj. Mereka mengaku pernah melihat gerombolan orang di atas tembok penutup. Lalu angin badai bertiup melemparkan mereka. Penduduk di situ melihat tubuh mereka sangat kecil. Setelah itu, Sallam pulang melalui Taraz (Kazakhtan), kemudian Samarkand (Uzbekistan), lalu kota Ray (Iran), dan kembali ke istana al-Watsiq di Surra Man Ra’a, Iraq. Ia kemudian menceritakan dengan detail hasil penelitiannya kepada Khalifah. Kalau menurut penuturan Ibnu Bathuthah dalam kitab Rahlat Ibn Bathuthah pegunungan Ya’juj-Ma’juj berada sekitar perjalanan 6 hari dari Cina. Penuturan ini tidak bertentangan dengan al-Syarif al-Idrisi. Soalnya di sebelah Barat Laut Cina adalah daerah-daerah Rusia. Referensi: Az-Zuhaily, Tafsir Al-Munir. Dr. Thaha Ad-Dasuqy, ‘Aqidatuna Wa Shilatuha Bil Kaun Wal Insan Wal Hayat, Darul Huda, Kairo, 1995. Syekh Sya’ban ‘Abdulhadi Abu Rabah, Islamiyat, Haqaiq Fi Dzilli Tauhid Al-Ara Al-Islamiyah, Muassasah Al-’Arabiyah Al-Haditsiyah, Kairo, 1991
Jumat, 04 Maret 2011
translet tsunami
TSUNAMI, THE CAUSES AND PUNITIVE
Posted on March 5, 2009 by harytami3 | Leave a comment
II. Causes of Occurrence of Tsunamis
Tsunamis occur due to the impulsive disturbance of sea water due to the change in the basic form of a sudden the sea. This happens because of three reasons, namely: earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and avalanches (land slides) that occur on the seabed. Of the three causes of tsunamis, earthquakes are the main cause. The size of the tsunami wave is determined by the characteristics of the earthquake that caused it.
The biggest part implusif noise source that caused the tsunami was devastating earthquake that occurred on the seabed. Although volcanic eruptions can also cause devastating tsunamis, such as the eruption of Krakatoa in 1883.
Earthquakes on the ocean floor has led to disruption of seawater, which caused changes in seabed profiles. Profile of the seabed is generally caused due to a tectonic earthquake thatcould cause soil movement perpendicular to the surface of seawater or the earth's surface. If the horizontal ground motion withsea level, it will not happen tsunami.
When an earthquake occurs towing, even though this earthquake ground motion is horizontal, but because a big earthquake energy, it can tear down the cliffs (the hills) in the sea, which in itself is the movement of debris in perpendicular to the surface of the sea. Thus, although not an earthquake but because of circumstances hill / sea cliffs are unstable, then the force of gravity and ocean currents can cause landslides and tsunamis happen eventually. This never happened in Larantuka in Padang in 1976 and 1980.
Earthquakes are most likely to cause a tsunami is:
1. The earthquake that occurred on the seabed.
2. The depth of the epicenter less than 60 km.
3. Earthquake magnitudes greater than 6.0 on the Richter Scale.
4. Type of fault classified earthquake fault or a fault down. The forces of this kind usually occur at the opening zones and fault zones.
TERMS FROM TSUNAMI
The term tsunami comes from the Japanese Tsu means harborand nami meaning gelombanglaut. From this story comes the termtsunami. Initially the tsunami means harbor waveyangmenghantam.
Venus is hotter than a volcano
VIVAnews - Venus, the planet that has many similarities to Earth,where surface temperatures are at about 480 degrees celsius, it seems more dire than previously known.
From recent observations by the European space satellite, on theplanet, revealed that Venus is filled with active volcanoes.
When investigations are conducted NASA's Magellan to Venussurface was conducted in early 1990, scientists mapped Venus indetail and find that the planet's surface is flat, but rich in whatlooked like a sleeping volcano.
Knowing this, researchers made two theories to explain why the planet has a flat surface.
First, Venus has experienced flooding in the entire region of lava flows around the planet 500 million years ago and then fell into a coma in geology. The second theory, the planet continues to stay awake and lava sprayed continuously.
As quoted from Space, December 27, 2010, from infrared datacollected Venus Express, orbiting satellite observers on the planet,monitoring results tend to support the second theory.
"The flow of lava in certain parts of the planet Venus who comesfrom a number of volcanoes weather seemed unaffected. That is,the flow of lava was not more than 2.5 million years old, "said Suzanne Smrekar, researchers from the Jet PropulsionLaboratory.
Some of the volcanoes, said Smrekar, the possibility now stillerupt. "So, geologically speaking, the planet did not die. He isactive and ready to clash, "he said. (hs)
Theory of the solar system
Formation of the Solar System Theory After Newton
The appearance of Newton's theory of gravity becomes a strong foundation in creating a scientific theory formation of the Solar System. In this article will discuss the theory of the formation of the solar system born after the era of Newton until the end of the 19th century. The development of the theory of the formation of the solar system until 1960, divided into two schools of thought ie monistic theory which states that the sun and planets came from the same material. And second dualistic theory states the sun and the earth comes from a different source materials and terbetuk at different times.
Buffon's Theory of Comets
In 1745, George Comte de Buffon (1701-1788) of France dualistic and catastrophe theory postulates that states that the comet collision with the surface of the sun causes the material to form planets and the sun came out at different lengths. Buffon weakness can not explain the origin of comets. He simply assumes that the comet is much more massive than the reality.
Nebula Theory Laplace
There are several theories that inspired the formation of the theory of Laplace, starting from the French philosopher, Rena ¨ Descartes (1596-1650) who believe that the space occupied by natural œfluida semestaâ â € €? and planets formed in the whirlpool.Unfortunately this theory is not supported by scientific foundation.
One hundred years later, Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) indicate a gas cloud that contracted under the influence of gravity so that the cloud becomes flattened. This idea is based on Descartes' vortex theory but the fluid is turned into gas. After the telescope, William Herschel (1738-1822) observed a nebula which he assumed as a collection of stars who failed. In 1791, he saw a single star surrounded by a halo of light. This is what gave him the conclusion that the stars formed from the nebula and the halo is the remnant nebula.
From these theories Pierre Laplace (1749-1827) stated that there were clouds of gas and dust that rotates slowly and collapse due to gravity. At the time of collapse, angular momentum is maintained through an accelerated cycle resulting in pemipihan. During contraction there is material left behind into shape while the center of mass of the disk continues to contract. The material released into the dish to form a ring and the material inside the ring will be clustered due to gravity. Condensation also occurs in every ring that causes the formation of planetary systems. The material in the cloud that collapsed and has a dominant mass will form the sun.
But according to Clerk Maxwell (1831-1879) where the problems of this theory can only be stable if the ring consists of solid particles instead of gas. According to Maxwell's ring can not condense into planets because the force of inertia will separate the inside and outside the ring. If the separation process can be passed, the mass of the ring is far more massive than the mass of planets formed.
Other problems arise from the distribution of angular momentum where there is no specific mechanism that could explain the presence of small amounts of material, which formed the planets, can have all of its angular momentum. Should most of the angular momentum is at the center of the object. If the intrinsic angular momentum of the outer material may form a planet, then the central condensation is not possible collapse to form stars,
Completion of the Theory of Laplace
In 1854, Edouard Roche (1820-1883) said that the proposed cloud Laplace in his theory could have a high central condensation so that a large mass near the spin axis and have little connection withangular momentum. 1873, Roche refine Laplace theory with the analysis of Sun coupled atmosphere?, which has a high central condensation. This model is beyond the range of planets and collapse when cooled. In this model the sun's atmosphere. When the system is breaking down the angular velocity increases to maintain the angular momentum while the distance decreases. If the distance decreases faster than the effective radius of the atmosphere, then all the atmosphere outside the range will form a ring.
Objections from James Jeans (1877-1946). He shows thedistribution of nebulae provided by Roche, outer material will betenuous and could not resist tidal forces of the center of mass and the condensation will not occur. Jeans also mennunjukkan that forthe material in the ring that flows from the nebula that collapsed to the condensation require a greater density than the density of the system. This will result in atmospheric mass with a magnitude approaching magnitude at the center of mass, so that it can solve the problem of angular momentum.
Solar nebula theory
Solar Nebula Theory
Has become evident in the 1960's when many of the signs in meteorites sedah can Solar System are in the form of hot gas. In 1972, Safronov to publish his theory of planet formation be understood as a result of hot water vapor condensation. A number of theoretical studies done related to the gradual condensation of matter that formed the Solar System. The result is cooling occurs in a variety of temperatures and pressures.This further strengthens the idea of matter in the initial formation of the from scattering materials. Well, although the results of Safronov, indicating a very long period in the formation of planets, but the model he gave a good structure to solve the problem of time scale formation.
With a background model of Safronov, going back kebankitan dualistic theory of Laplace, which states the formation of the Sun and the planets occur spontaneously from the ball of gas and dust that slowly rotates. The difference this theory with previous theories is that this new theory can solve problems that exist in previous theories. Since then, various studies conducted to examine the Solar Nebula Theory. This theory has also become the most dominant paradigm in the cosmogony over the last decade of the 20th century. Mdel is still under development and have not really reached the level of consensus on the events that formed the solar system until the present. But there are some great ideas of the dominant theory is described in this solar nebula.
The initial idea came from Cameron who in 1978 claimed one of the initial conclusion that the nebula Somewhere in the sun, anywhere out of the orbit of Mercury, temperatures in the solar nebula is not disturbed high enough to melt the solid material in interstellar grains.
The biggest problem of Laplace's theory is the distribution of angular momentum. At the time of the nebula is formed, the angular momentum is transferred from the inside of the material that condensed into the disk that formed in the equatorial area. A number of possible mechanisms are also provided to solve how the angular momentum transfer that occurs:
Turbulence (turnover) in the disc viscosity
Gravitational effect which refers to the formation of spiral arms in disk
Interactions between ionized material that leave the central area and the magnetic field formed therein.
Angular momentum transport by waves that occur in the disc.
Solar Nebula In theory, the starting point of planet formation occurs when most of the disk consists of gas composition with 1-2% solid material and the temperature gets colder with increasing distance.
In some early versions of this theory, about 1 piringannya sufficiently massive solar masses with a density and temperature inside like those in Jupiter area and meet the criteria Jeans.Piringannya itself is not stable by gravity so that the gas giant planets will form spontaneously. The problem is that the planet will be set up very much, so the researchers leave this theory. The solution then is given disc mass only ranged from 0.01 - 0.1 solar masses. This condition is consistent with the observations and the planets formed also have to go through the process of accretion.
Accretion terrestrial planets (Earth) and giant gas plant dense core is assumed to occur in 2 stages. The first stage involves the formation of planetesimals. Planetesimal (the size of hundreds of meters to tens of kilo meters) is a collection of dust that forms a thin layer in the dish. In this condition the situation is very unstable and the condensation of solid material in it will form a planetesimal.In every area of the ring nebula, there will be one of the dominant object and then arrested and the surrounding planetesimal mengakresi sbeuah form new objects. If the gas planet's core had formed, he will begin to attract the gas in the nebula to form a gas planet. This process occurs within a short amount of about 105 years.
For the formation of satellites, there is no specific theory in addition to the satellite is an object that is formed by the same mechanism in a smaller size scale. Therefore, the collapse of the proto-planetary disks should form the equatorial and condensation in the field of proto-satellites will also form part of it.
Important issues and problems faced Solar Nebula Theory, among others:
This theory is monistic theory that simultaneously deals with the distribution of mass and angular momentum.
Several mechanisms or combination of mechanisms must be shown to be able to transfer enough angular momentum from the Sun that condense into the disc.
Must also be shown that the planet will be formed at an appropriate time scale with the lifetime of the disk that has been observed (<107 years)
Excess disc material left over after planet formation must bediscarded.
This model predicts only a planar system, the tilt axis of rotation of the Solar System should be explained.
TSUNAMI, THE CAUSES AND PUNITIVE
Posted on March 5, 2009 by harytami3 | Leave a comment
II. Causes of Occurrence of Tsunamis
Tsunamis occur due to the impulsive disturbance of sea water due to the change in the basic form of a sudden the sea. This happens because of three reasons, namely: earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and avalanches (land slides) that occur on the seabed. Of the three causes of tsunamis, earthquakes are the main cause. The size of the tsunami wave is determined by the characteristics of the earthquake that caused it.
The biggest part implusif noise source that caused the tsunami was devastating earthquake that occurred on the seabed. Although volcanic eruptions can also cause devastating tsunamis, such as the eruption of Krakatoa in 1883.
Earthquakes on the ocean floor has led to disruption of seawater, which caused changes in seabed profiles. Profile of the seabed is generally caused due to a tectonic earthquake thatcould cause soil movement perpendicular to the surface of seawater or the earth's surface. If the horizontal ground motion withsea level, it will not happen tsunami.
When an earthquake occurs towing, even though this earthquake ground motion is horizontal, but because a big earthquake energy, it can tear down the cliffs (the hills) in the sea, which in itself is the movement of debris in perpendicular to the surface of the sea. Thus, although not an earthquake but because of circumstances hill / sea cliffs are unstable, then the force of gravity and ocean currents can cause landslides and tsunamis happen eventually. This never happened in Larantuka in Padang in 1976 and 1980.
Earthquakes are most likely to cause a tsunami is:
1. The earthquake that occurred on the seabed.
2. The depth of the epicenter less than 60 km.
3. Earthquake magnitudes greater than 6.0 on the Richter Scale.
4. Type of fault classified earthquake fault or a fault down. The forces of this kind usually occur at the opening zones and fault zones.
TERMS FROM TSUNAMI
The term tsunami comes from the Japanese Tsu means harborand nami meaning gelombanglaut. From this story comes the termtsunami. Initially the tsunami means harbor waveyangmenghantam.
Venus is hotter than a volcano
VIVAnews - Venus, the planet that has many similarities to Earth,where surface temperatures are at about 480 degrees celsius, it seems more dire than previously known.
From recent observations by the European space satellite, on theplanet, revealed that Venus is filled with active volcanoes.
When investigations are conducted NASA's Magellan to Venussurface was conducted in early 1990, scientists mapped Venus indetail and find that the planet's surface is flat, but rich in whatlooked like a sleeping volcano.
Knowing this, researchers made two theories to explain why the planet has a flat surface.
First, Venus has experienced flooding in the entire region of lava flows around the planet 500 million years ago and then fell into a coma in geology. The second theory, the planet continues to stay awake and lava sprayed continuously.
As quoted from Space, December 27, 2010, from infrared datacollected Venus Express, orbiting satellite observers on the planet,monitoring results tend to support the second theory.
"The flow of lava in certain parts of the planet Venus who comesfrom a number of volcanoes weather seemed unaffected. That is,the flow of lava was not more than 2.5 million years old, "said Suzanne Smrekar, researchers from the Jet PropulsionLaboratory.
Some of the volcanoes, said Smrekar, the possibility now stillerupt. "So, geologically speaking, the planet did not die. He isactive and ready to clash, "he said. (hs)
Theory of the solar system
Formation of the Solar System Theory After Newton
The appearance of Newton's theory of gravity becomes a strong foundation in creating a scientific theory formation of the Solar System. In this article will discuss the theory of the formation of the solar system born after the era of Newton until the end of the 19th century. The development of the theory of the formation of the solar system until 1960, divided into two schools of thought ie monistic theory which states that the sun and planets came from the same material. And second dualistic theory states the sun and the earth comes from a different source materials and terbetuk at different times.
Buffon's Theory of Comets
In 1745, George Comte de Buffon (1701-1788) of France dualistic and catastrophe theory postulates that states that the comet collision with the surface of the sun causes the material to form planets and the sun came out at different lengths. Buffon weakness can not explain the origin of comets. He simply assumes that the comet is much more massive than the reality.
Nebula Theory Laplace
There are several theories that inspired the formation of the theory of Laplace, starting from the French philosopher, Rena ¨ Descartes (1596-1650) who believe that the space occupied by natural œfluida semestaâ â € €? and planets formed in the whirlpool.Unfortunately this theory is not supported by scientific foundation.
One hundred years later, Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) indicate a gas cloud that contracted under the influence of gravity so that the cloud becomes flattened. This idea is based on Descartes' vortex theory but the fluid is turned into gas. After the telescope, William Herschel (1738-1822) observed a nebula which he assumed as a collection of stars who failed. In 1791, he saw a single star surrounded by a halo of light. This is what gave him the conclusion that the stars formed from the nebula and the halo is the remnant nebula.
From these theories Pierre Laplace (1749-1827) stated that there were clouds of gas and dust that rotates slowly and collapse due to gravity. At the time of collapse, angular momentum is maintained through an accelerated cycle resulting in pemipihan. During contraction there is material left behind into shape while the center of mass of the disk continues to contract. The material released into the dish to form a ring and the material inside the ring will be clustered due to gravity. Condensation also occurs in every ring that causes the formation of planetary systems. The material in the cloud that collapsed and has a dominant mass will form the sun.
But according to Clerk Maxwell (1831-1879) where the problems of this theory can only be stable if the ring consists of solid particles instead of gas. According to Maxwell's ring can not condense into planets because the force of inertia will separate the inside and outside the ring. If the separation process can be passed, the mass of the ring is far more massive than the mass of planets formed.
Other problems arise from the distribution of angular momentum where there is no specific mechanism that could explain the presence of small amounts of material, which formed the planets, can have all of its angular momentum. Should most of the angular momentum is at the center of the object. If the intrinsic angular momentum of the outer material may form a planet, then the central condensation is not possible collapse to form stars,
Completion of the Theory of Laplace
In 1854, Edouard Roche (1820-1883) said that the proposed cloud Laplace in his theory could have a high central condensation so that a large mass near the spin axis and have little connection withangular momentum. 1873, Roche refine Laplace theory with the analysis of Sun coupled atmosphere?, which has a high central condensation. This model is beyond the range of planets and collapse when cooled. In this model the sun's atmosphere. When the system is breaking down the angular velocity increases to maintain the angular momentum while the distance decreases. If the distance decreases faster than the effective radius of the atmosphere, then all the atmosphere outside the range will form a ring.
Objections from James Jeans (1877-1946). He shows thedistribution of nebulae provided by Roche, outer material will betenuous and could not resist tidal forces of the center of mass and the condensation will not occur. Jeans also mennunjukkan that forthe material in the ring that flows from the nebula that collapsed to the condensation require a greater density than the density of the system. This will result in atmospheric mass with a magnitude approaching magnitude at the center of mass, so that it can solve the problem of angular momentum.
Solar nebula theory
Solar Nebula Theory
Has become evident in the 1960's when many of the signs in meteorites sedah can Solar System are in the form of hot gas. In 1972, Safronov to publish his theory of planet formation be understood as a result of hot water vapor condensation. A number of theoretical studies done related to the gradual condensation of matter that formed the Solar System. The result is cooling occurs in a variety of temperatures and pressures.This further strengthens the idea of matter in the initial formation of the from scattering materials. Well, although the results of Safronov, indicating a very long period in the formation of planets, but the model he gave a good structure to solve the problem of time scale formation.
With a background model of Safronov, going back kebankitan dualistic theory of Laplace, which states the formation of the Sun and the planets occur spontaneously from the ball of gas and dust that slowly rotates. The difference this theory with previous theories is that this new theory can solve problems that exist in previous theories. Since then, various studies conducted to examine the Solar Nebula Theory. This theory has also become the most dominant paradigm in the cosmogony over the last decade of the 20th century. Mdel is still under development and have not really reached the level of consensus on the events that formed the solar system until the present. But there are some great ideas of the dominant theory is described in this solar nebula.
The initial idea came from Cameron who in 1978 claimed one of the initial conclusion that the nebula Somewhere in the sun, anywhere out of the orbit of Mercury, temperatures in the solar nebula is not disturbed high enough to melt the solid material in interstellar grains.
The biggest problem of Laplace's theory is the distribution of angular momentum. At the time of the nebula is formed, the angular momentum is transferred from the inside of the material that condensed into the disk that formed in the equatorial area. A number of possible mechanisms are also provided to solve how the angular momentum transfer that occurs:
Turbulence (turnover) in the disc viscosity
Gravitational effect which refers to the formation of spiral arms in disk
Interactions between ionized material that leave the central area and the magnetic field formed therein.
Angular momentum transport by waves that occur in the disc.
Solar Nebula In theory, the starting point of planet formation occurs when most of the disk consists of gas composition with 1-2% solid material and the temperature gets colder with increasing distance.
In some early versions of this theory, about 1 piringannya sufficiently massive solar masses with a density and temperature inside like those in Jupiter area and meet the criteria Jeans.Piringannya itself is not stable by gravity so that the gas giant planets will form spontaneously. The problem is that the planet will be set up very much, so the researchers leave this theory. The solution then is given disc mass only ranged from 0.01 - 0.1 solar masses. This condition is consistent with the observations and the planets formed also have to go through the process of accretion.
Accretion terrestrial planets (Earth) and giant gas plant dense core is assumed to occur in 2 stages. The first stage involves the formation of planetesimals. Planetesimal (the size of hundreds of meters to tens of kilo meters) is a collection of dust that forms a thin layer in the dish. In this condition the situation is very unstable and the condensation of solid material in it will form a planetesimal.In every area of the ring nebula, there will be one of the dominant object and then arrested and the surrounding planetesimal mengakresi sbeuah form new objects. If the gas planet's core had formed, he will begin to attract the gas in the nebula to form a gas planet. This process occurs within a short amount of about 105 years.
For the formation of satellites, there is no specific theory in addition to the satellite is an object that is formed by the same mechanism in a smaller size scale. Therefore, the collapse of the proto-planetary disks should form the equatorial and condensation in the field of proto-satellites will also form part of it.
Important issues and problems faced Solar Nebula Theory, among others:
This theory is monistic theory that simultaneously deals with the distribution of mass and angular momentum.
Several mechanisms or combination of mechanisms must be shown to be able to transfer enough angular momentum from the Sun that condense into the disc.
Must also be shown that the planet will be formed at an appropriate time scale with the lifetime of the disk that has been observed (<107 years)
Excess disc material left over after planet formation must bediscarded.
This model predicts only a planar system, the tilt axis of rotation of the Solar System should be explained.
Posted on March 5, 2009 by harytami3 | Leave a comment
II. Causes of Occurrence of Tsunamis
Tsunamis occur due to the impulsive disturbance of sea water due to the change in the basic form of a sudden the sea. This happens because of three reasons, namely: earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and avalanches (land slides) that occur on the seabed. Of the three causes of tsunamis, earthquakes are the main cause. The size of the tsunami wave is determined by the characteristics of the earthquake that caused it.
The biggest part implusif noise source that caused the tsunami was devastating earthquake that occurred on the seabed. Although volcanic eruptions can also cause devastating tsunamis, such as the eruption of Krakatoa in 1883.
Earthquakes on the ocean floor has led to disruption of seawater, which caused changes in seabed profiles. Profile of the seabed is generally caused due to a tectonic earthquake thatcould cause soil movement perpendicular to the surface of seawater or the earth's surface. If the horizontal ground motion withsea level, it will not happen tsunami.
When an earthquake occurs towing, even though this earthquake ground motion is horizontal, but because a big earthquake energy, it can tear down the cliffs (the hills) in the sea, which in itself is the movement of debris in perpendicular to the surface of the sea. Thus, although not an earthquake but because of circumstances hill / sea cliffs are unstable, then the force of gravity and ocean currents can cause landslides and tsunamis happen eventually. This never happened in Larantuka in Padang in 1976 and 1980.
Earthquakes are most likely to cause a tsunami is:
1. The earthquake that occurred on the seabed.
2. The depth of the epicenter less than 60 km.
3. Earthquake magnitudes greater than 6.0 on the Richter Scale.
4. Type of fault classified earthquake fault or a fault down. The forces of this kind usually occur at the opening zones and fault zones.
TERMS FROM TSUNAMI
The term tsunami comes from the Japanese Tsu means harborand nami meaning gelombanglaut. From this story comes the termtsunami. Initially the tsunami means harbor waveyangmenghantam.
Venus is hotter than a volcano
VIVAnews - Venus, the planet that has many similarities to Earth,where surface temperatures are at about 480 degrees celsius, it seems more dire than previously known.
From recent observations by the European space satellite, on theplanet, revealed that Venus is filled with active volcanoes.
When investigations are conducted NASA's Magellan to Venussurface was conducted in early 1990, scientists mapped Venus indetail and find that the planet's surface is flat, but rich in whatlooked like a sleeping volcano.
Knowing this, researchers made two theories to explain why the planet has a flat surface.
First, Venus has experienced flooding in the entire region of lava flows around the planet 500 million years ago and then fell into a coma in geology. The second theory, the planet continues to stay awake and lava sprayed continuously.
As quoted from Space, December 27, 2010, from infrared datacollected Venus Express, orbiting satellite observers on the planet,monitoring results tend to support the second theory.
"The flow of lava in certain parts of the planet Venus who comesfrom a number of volcanoes weather seemed unaffected. That is,the flow of lava was not more than 2.5 million years old, "said Suzanne Smrekar, researchers from the Jet PropulsionLaboratory.
Some of the volcanoes, said Smrekar, the possibility now stillerupt. "So, geologically speaking, the planet did not die. He isactive and ready to clash, "he said. (hs)
Theory of the solar system
Formation of the Solar System Theory After Newton
The appearance of Newton's theory of gravity becomes a strong foundation in creating a scientific theory formation of the Solar System. In this article will discuss the theory of the formation of the solar system born after the era of Newton until the end of the 19th century. The development of the theory of the formation of the solar system until 1960, divided into two schools of thought ie monistic theory which states that the sun and planets came from the same material. And second dualistic theory states the sun and the earth comes from a different source materials and terbetuk at different times.
Buffon's Theory of Comets
In 1745, George Comte de Buffon (1701-1788) of France dualistic and catastrophe theory postulates that states that the comet collision with the surface of the sun causes the material to form planets and the sun came out at different lengths. Buffon weakness can not explain the origin of comets. He simply assumes that the comet is much more massive than the reality.
Nebula Theory Laplace
There are several theories that inspired the formation of the theory of Laplace, starting from the French philosopher, Rena ¨ Descartes (1596-1650) who believe that the space occupied by natural œfluida semestaâ â € €? and planets formed in the whirlpool.Unfortunately this theory is not supported by scientific foundation.
One hundred years later, Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) indicate a gas cloud that contracted under the influence of gravity so that the cloud becomes flattened. This idea is based on Descartes' vortex theory but the fluid is turned into gas. After the telescope, William Herschel (1738-1822) observed a nebula which he assumed as a collection of stars who failed. In 1791, he saw a single star surrounded by a halo of light. This is what gave him the conclusion that the stars formed from the nebula and the halo is the remnant nebula.
From these theories Pierre Laplace (1749-1827) stated that there were clouds of gas and dust that rotates slowly and collapse due to gravity. At the time of collapse, angular momentum is maintained through an accelerated cycle resulting in pemipihan. During contraction there is material left behind into shape while the center of mass of the disk continues to contract. The material released into the dish to form a ring and the material inside the ring will be clustered due to gravity. Condensation also occurs in every ring that causes the formation of planetary systems. The material in the cloud that collapsed and has a dominant mass will form the sun.
But according to Clerk Maxwell (1831-1879) where the problems of this theory can only be stable if the ring consists of solid particles instead of gas. According to Maxwell's ring can not condense into planets because the force of inertia will separate the inside and outside the ring. If the separation process can be passed, the mass of the ring is far more massive than the mass of planets formed.
Other problems arise from the distribution of angular momentum where there is no specific mechanism that could explain the presence of small amounts of material, which formed the planets, can have all of its angular momentum. Should most of the angular momentum is at the center of the object. If the intrinsic angular momentum of the outer material may form a planet, then the central condensation is not possible collapse to form stars,
Completion of the Theory of Laplace
In 1854, Edouard Roche (1820-1883) said that the proposed cloud Laplace in his theory could have a high central condensation so that a large mass near the spin axis and have little connection withangular momentum. 1873, Roche refine Laplace theory with the analysis of Sun coupled atmosphere?, which has a high central condensation. This model is beyond the range of planets and collapse when cooled. In this model the sun's atmosphere. When the system is breaking down the angular velocity increases to maintain the angular momentum while the distance decreases. If the distance decreases faster than the effective radius of the atmosphere, then all the atmosphere outside the range will form a ring.
Objections from James Jeans (1877-1946). He shows thedistribution of nebulae provided by Roche, outer material will betenuous and could not resist tidal forces of the center of mass and the condensation will not occur. Jeans also mennunjukkan that forthe material in the ring that flows from the nebula that collapsed to the condensation require a greater density than the density of the system. This will result in atmospheric mass with a magnitude approaching magnitude at the center of mass, so that it can solve the problem of angular momentum.
Solar nebula theory
Solar Nebula Theory
Has become evident in the 1960's when many of the signs in meteorites sedah can Solar System are in the form of hot gas. In 1972, Safronov to publish his theory of planet formation be understood as a result of hot water vapor condensation. A number of theoretical studies done related to the gradual condensation of matter that formed the Solar System. The result is cooling occurs in a variety of temperatures and pressures.This further strengthens the idea of matter in the initial formation of the from scattering materials. Well, although the results of Safronov, indicating a very long period in the formation of planets, but the model he gave a good structure to solve the problem of time scale formation.
With a background model of Safronov, going back kebankitan dualistic theory of Laplace, which states the formation of the Sun and the planets occur spontaneously from the ball of gas and dust that slowly rotates. The difference this theory with previous theories is that this new theory can solve problems that exist in previous theories. Since then, various studies conducted to examine the Solar Nebula Theory. This theory has also become the most dominant paradigm in the cosmogony over the last decade of the 20th century. Mdel is still under development and have not really reached the level of consensus on the events that formed the solar system until the present. But there are some great ideas of the dominant theory is described in this solar nebula.
The initial idea came from Cameron who in 1978 claimed one of the initial conclusion that the nebula Somewhere in the sun, anywhere out of the orbit of Mercury, temperatures in the solar nebula is not disturbed high enough to melt the solid material in interstellar grains.
The biggest problem of Laplace's theory is the distribution of angular momentum. At the time of the nebula is formed, the angular momentum is transferred from the inside of the material that condensed into the disk that formed in the equatorial area. A number of possible mechanisms are also provided to solve how the angular momentum transfer that occurs:
Turbulence (turnover) in the disc viscosity
Gravitational effect which refers to the formation of spiral arms in disk
Interactions between ionized material that leave the central area and the magnetic field formed therein.
Angular momentum transport by waves that occur in the disc.
Solar Nebula In theory, the starting point of planet formation occurs when most of the disk consists of gas composition with 1-2% solid material and the temperature gets colder with increasing distance.
In some early versions of this theory, about 1 piringannya sufficiently massive solar masses with a density and temperature inside like those in Jupiter area and meet the criteria Jeans.Piringannya itself is not stable by gravity so that the gas giant planets will form spontaneously. The problem is that the planet will be set up very much, so the researchers leave this theory. The solution then is given disc mass only ranged from 0.01 - 0.1 solar masses. This condition is consistent with the observations and the planets formed also have to go through the process of accretion.
Accretion terrestrial planets (Earth) and giant gas plant dense core is assumed to occur in 2 stages. The first stage involves the formation of planetesimals. Planetesimal (the size of hundreds of meters to tens of kilo meters) is a collection of dust that forms a thin layer in the dish. In this condition the situation is very unstable and the condensation of solid material in it will form a planetesimal.In every area of the ring nebula, there will be one of the dominant object and then arrested and the surrounding planetesimal mengakresi sbeuah form new objects. If the gas planet's core had formed, he will begin to attract the gas in the nebula to form a gas planet. This process occurs within a short amount of about 105 years.
For the formation of satellites, there is no specific theory in addition to the satellite is an object that is formed by the same mechanism in a smaller size scale. Therefore, the collapse of the proto-planetary disks should form the equatorial and condensation in the field of proto-satellites will also form part of it.
Important issues and problems faced Solar Nebula Theory, among others:
This theory is monistic theory that simultaneously deals with the distribution of mass and angular momentum.
Several mechanisms or combination of mechanisms must be shown to be able to transfer enough angular momentum from the Sun that condense into the disc.
Must also be shown that the planet will be formed at an appropriate time scale with the lifetime of the disk that has been observed (<107 years)
Excess disc material left over after planet formation must bediscarded.
This model predicts only a planar system, the tilt axis of rotation of the Solar System should be explained.
TSUNAMI, THE CAUSES AND PUNITIVE
Posted on March 5, 2009 by harytami3 | Leave a comment
II. Causes of Occurrence of Tsunamis
Tsunamis occur due to the impulsive disturbance of sea water due to the change in the basic form of a sudden the sea. This happens because of three reasons, namely: earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and avalanches (land slides) that occur on the seabed. Of the three causes of tsunamis, earthquakes are the main cause. The size of the tsunami wave is determined by the characteristics of the earthquake that caused it.
The biggest part implusif noise source that caused the tsunami was devastating earthquake that occurred on the seabed. Although volcanic eruptions can also cause devastating tsunamis, such as the eruption of Krakatoa in 1883.
Earthquakes on the ocean floor has led to disruption of seawater, which caused changes in seabed profiles. Profile of the seabed is generally caused due to a tectonic earthquake thatcould cause soil movement perpendicular to the surface of seawater or the earth's surface. If the horizontal ground motion withsea level, it will not happen tsunami.
When an earthquake occurs towing, even though this earthquake ground motion is horizontal, but because a big earthquake energy, it can tear down the cliffs (the hills) in the sea, which in itself is the movement of debris in perpendicular to the surface of the sea. Thus, although not an earthquake but because of circumstances hill / sea cliffs are unstable, then the force of gravity and ocean currents can cause landslides and tsunamis happen eventually. This never happened in Larantuka in Padang in 1976 and 1980.
Earthquakes are most likely to cause a tsunami is:
1. The earthquake that occurred on the seabed.
2. The depth of the epicenter less than 60 km.
3. Earthquake magnitudes greater than 6.0 on the Richter Scale.
4. Type of fault classified earthquake fault or a fault down. The forces of this kind usually occur at the opening zones and fault zones.
TERMS FROM TSUNAMI
The term tsunami comes from the Japanese Tsu means harborand nami meaning gelombanglaut. From this story comes the termtsunami. Initially the tsunami means harbor waveyangmenghantam.
Venus is hotter than a volcano
VIVAnews - Venus, the planet that has many similarities to Earth,where surface temperatures are at about 480 degrees celsius, it seems more dire than previously known.
From recent observations by the European space satellite, on theplanet, revealed that Venus is filled with active volcanoes.
When investigations are conducted NASA's Magellan to Venussurface was conducted in early 1990, scientists mapped Venus indetail and find that the planet's surface is flat, but rich in whatlooked like a sleeping volcano.
Knowing this, researchers made two theories to explain why the planet has a flat surface.
First, Venus has experienced flooding in the entire region of lava flows around the planet 500 million years ago and then fell into a coma in geology. The second theory, the planet continues to stay awake and lava sprayed continuously.
As quoted from Space, December 27, 2010, from infrared datacollected Venus Express, orbiting satellite observers on the planet,monitoring results tend to support the second theory.
"The flow of lava in certain parts of the planet Venus who comesfrom a number of volcanoes weather seemed unaffected. That is,the flow of lava was not more than 2.5 million years old, "said Suzanne Smrekar, researchers from the Jet PropulsionLaboratory.
Some of the volcanoes, said Smrekar, the possibility now stillerupt. "So, geologically speaking, the planet did not die. He isactive and ready to clash, "he said. (hs)
Theory of the solar system
Formation of the Solar System Theory After Newton
The appearance of Newton's theory of gravity becomes a strong foundation in creating a scientific theory formation of the Solar System. In this article will discuss the theory of the formation of the solar system born after the era of Newton until the end of the 19th century. The development of the theory of the formation of the solar system until 1960, divided into two schools of thought ie monistic theory which states that the sun and planets came from the same material. And second dualistic theory states the sun and the earth comes from a different source materials and terbetuk at different times.
Buffon's Theory of Comets
In 1745, George Comte de Buffon (1701-1788) of France dualistic and catastrophe theory postulates that states that the comet collision with the surface of the sun causes the material to form planets and the sun came out at different lengths. Buffon weakness can not explain the origin of comets. He simply assumes that the comet is much more massive than the reality.
Nebula Theory Laplace
There are several theories that inspired the formation of the theory of Laplace, starting from the French philosopher, Rena ¨ Descartes (1596-1650) who believe that the space occupied by natural œfluida semestaâ â € €? and planets formed in the whirlpool.Unfortunately this theory is not supported by scientific foundation.
One hundred years later, Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) indicate a gas cloud that contracted under the influence of gravity so that the cloud becomes flattened. This idea is based on Descartes' vortex theory but the fluid is turned into gas. After the telescope, William Herschel (1738-1822) observed a nebula which he assumed as a collection of stars who failed. In 1791, he saw a single star surrounded by a halo of light. This is what gave him the conclusion that the stars formed from the nebula and the halo is the remnant nebula.
From these theories Pierre Laplace (1749-1827) stated that there were clouds of gas and dust that rotates slowly and collapse due to gravity. At the time of collapse, angular momentum is maintained through an accelerated cycle resulting in pemipihan. During contraction there is material left behind into shape while the center of mass of the disk continues to contract. The material released into the dish to form a ring and the material inside the ring will be clustered due to gravity. Condensation also occurs in every ring that causes the formation of planetary systems. The material in the cloud that collapsed and has a dominant mass will form the sun.
But according to Clerk Maxwell (1831-1879) where the problems of this theory can only be stable if the ring consists of solid particles instead of gas. According to Maxwell's ring can not condense into planets because the force of inertia will separate the inside and outside the ring. If the separation process can be passed, the mass of the ring is far more massive than the mass of planets formed.
Other problems arise from the distribution of angular momentum where there is no specific mechanism that could explain the presence of small amounts of material, which formed the planets, can have all of its angular momentum. Should most of the angular momentum is at the center of the object. If the intrinsic angular momentum of the outer material may form a planet, then the central condensation is not possible collapse to form stars,
Completion of the Theory of Laplace
In 1854, Edouard Roche (1820-1883) said that the proposed cloud Laplace in his theory could have a high central condensation so that a large mass near the spin axis and have little connection withangular momentum. 1873, Roche refine Laplace theory with the analysis of Sun coupled atmosphere?, which has a high central condensation. This model is beyond the range of planets and collapse when cooled. In this model the sun's atmosphere. When the system is breaking down the angular velocity increases to maintain the angular momentum while the distance decreases. If the distance decreases faster than the effective radius of the atmosphere, then all the atmosphere outside the range will form a ring.
Objections from James Jeans (1877-1946). He shows thedistribution of nebulae provided by Roche, outer material will betenuous and could not resist tidal forces of the center of mass and the condensation will not occur. Jeans also mennunjukkan that forthe material in the ring that flows from the nebula that collapsed to the condensation require a greater density than the density of the system. This will result in atmospheric mass with a magnitude approaching magnitude at the center of mass, so that it can solve the problem of angular momentum.
Solar nebula theory
Solar Nebula Theory
Has become evident in the 1960's when many of the signs in meteorites sedah can Solar System are in the form of hot gas. In 1972, Safronov to publish his theory of planet formation be understood as a result of hot water vapor condensation. A number of theoretical studies done related to the gradual condensation of matter that formed the Solar System. The result is cooling occurs in a variety of temperatures and pressures.This further strengthens the idea of matter in the initial formation of the from scattering materials. Well, although the results of Safronov, indicating a very long period in the formation of planets, but the model he gave a good structure to solve the problem of time scale formation.
With a background model of Safronov, going back kebankitan dualistic theory of Laplace, which states the formation of the Sun and the planets occur spontaneously from the ball of gas and dust that slowly rotates. The difference this theory with previous theories is that this new theory can solve problems that exist in previous theories. Since then, various studies conducted to examine the Solar Nebula Theory. This theory has also become the most dominant paradigm in the cosmogony over the last decade of the 20th century. Mdel is still under development and have not really reached the level of consensus on the events that formed the solar system until the present. But there are some great ideas of the dominant theory is described in this solar nebula.
The initial idea came from Cameron who in 1978 claimed one of the initial conclusion that the nebula Somewhere in the sun, anywhere out of the orbit of Mercury, temperatures in the solar nebula is not disturbed high enough to melt the solid material in interstellar grains.
The biggest problem of Laplace's theory is the distribution of angular momentum. At the time of the nebula is formed, the angular momentum is transferred from the inside of the material that condensed into the disk that formed in the equatorial area. A number of possible mechanisms are also provided to solve how the angular momentum transfer that occurs:
Turbulence (turnover) in the disc viscosity
Gravitational effect which refers to the formation of spiral arms in disk
Interactions between ionized material that leave the central area and the magnetic field formed therein.
Angular momentum transport by waves that occur in the disc.
Solar Nebula In theory, the starting point of planet formation occurs when most of the disk consists of gas composition with 1-2% solid material and the temperature gets colder with increasing distance.
In some early versions of this theory, about 1 piringannya sufficiently massive solar masses with a density and temperature inside like those in Jupiter area and meet the criteria Jeans.Piringannya itself is not stable by gravity so that the gas giant planets will form spontaneously. The problem is that the planet will be set up very much, so the researchers leave this theory. The solution then is given disc mass only ranged from 0.01 - 0.1 solar masses. This condition is consistent with the observations and the planets formed also have to go through the process of accretion.
Accretion terrestrial planets (Earth) and giant gas plant dense core is assumed to occur in 2 stages. The first stage involves the formation of planetesimals. Planetesimal (the size of hundreds of meters to tens of kilo meters) is a collection of dust that forms a thin layer in the dish. In this condition the situation is very unstable and the condensation of solid material in it will form a planetesimal.In every area of the ring nebula, there will be one of the dominant object and then arrested and the surrounding planetesimal mengakresi sbeuah form new objects. If the gas planet's core had formed, he will begin to attract the gas in the nebula to form a gas planet. This process occurs within a short amount of about 105 years.
For the formation of satellites, there is no specific theory in addition to the satellite is an object that is formed by the same mechanism in a smaller size scale. Therefore, the collapse of the proto-planetary disks should form the equatorial and condensation in the field of proto-satellites will also form part of it.
Important issues and problems faced Solar Nebula Theory, among others:
This theory is monistic theory that simultaneously deals with the distribution of mass and angular momentum.
Several mechanisms or combination of mechanisms must be shown to be able to transfer enough angular momentum from the Sun that condense into the disc.
Must also be shown that the planet will be formed at an appropriate time scale with the lifetime of the disk that has been observed (<107 years)
Excess disc material left over after planet formation must bediscarded.
This model predicts only a planar system, the tilt axis of rotation of the Solar System should be explained.
tonsil
When I was six years, exactly when I was elementary school I have a disease that settles in my throat and back of the neck both ends of the crease behind the back of Mouth it commonly called by the tonsils (tonsils), Tonsillitis is inflammation of the tonsils caused by infection with a virus or bacteria. The role of the tonsils are as filters or fileter bacteria and viruses that can cause infections that are more dangerous, everyone must have tonsils but nobody likes to recur and some are not normally a person would know that she or he has a tonsil disease by feeling the throat of the first feels pain when swallowing something that will be sore, headache and sore and fever and chills, enlargement and swelling gland (lymph nodes) around the jaw and neck and eventually lose votes because of swelling of the tonsils, when that moment I did not sick for three years then the doctor advised me to do surgery remedy, because I often feel pain when swallowing and if I relapsed a tonsil the body like shivering, and in the end I do not perform surgery in hospitals because of cost limitations, I finally decided to traditional surgery without using drug, really tersa sore when my tonsils cut, it seemed like a sprinkle salt on the wound that was hot, did you feel when you scratch just a little knife and then touch the salt it will taste smarting is not it? Like me, I do not eat rice about two weeks and only ate porridge water only, but so far I feel grateful that the disease is cured.
writing foot ball
I Love Timnas Indonesia
Indonesia in AFF Cup match was not lost in my opinion, because Indonesia during the game held Indonesia never lost, just at the time in Malaysia in Bukit Jalil Indonesia precisely bent down, with the laser and the ball goalkeeper Markus experienced itching due powder provided by Malaysia to Indonesia, in fact if we protest possible that other supporters of the national team in particular will feel same disappointment, but the supporters are not discouraged because for decades, Indonesia was the first time felt a pride in feeling by the millions of people in Indonesia , all persons, especially national team supporters would say Eagle on my chest and my pride of the Indonesian national team, we had looked at the Indonesian national team players have been playing in an optimal, although not reaching AFF Cup, after the defense team had difficulty penetrating the neighbor, hopes eventually emerge. Indonesia gets a penalty kick after Malaysian players hands ball in the box forbidden. Unfortunately, Firman Utina failed to carry his team the lead. His shot was too weak, and can be caught goalkeeper Khairul Fahmi Che Mat, who was playing deft.
Soon, Malaysia precisely who had the upper hand. After a pause the first half, they could excel ahead thanks to goals Safee bin Mohd Mohd Sali in minute fifty six.
Two goals in a reply printed M Nasuha Indonesia and Malaysia players own goal kick is wrong to anticipate the M Ridwan AFF Cup is not enough to hook into the arms of the country. Indonesia won two-one, but in the aggregate lose two-four.Every player is unsettled. Indonesia has a lot of opportunities but trouble finishing the turn". But although Indonesia has lost the game to unite this country and the fans will continue to support the national team to Indonesia rose from the defeat that has been experienced so far, the national team does not make a disappointment for Indonesia, although myself do not really like football but I hope the Indonesian national team will always flying in Indonesia and will be the host for his own country, I love Indonesia and Garuda always be stored in my chest.
Indonesia in AFF Cup match was not lost in my opinion, because Indonesia during the game held Indonesia never lost, just at the time in Malaysia in Bukit Jalil Indonesia precisely bent down, with the laser and the ball goalkeeper Markus experienced itching due powder provided by Malaysia to Indonesia, in fact if we protest possible that other supporters of the national team in particular will feel same disappointment, but the supporters are not discouraged because for decades, Indonesia was the first time felt a pride in feeling by the millions of people in Indonesia , all persons, especially national team supporters would say Eagle on my chest and my pride of the Indonesian national team, we had looked at the Indonesian national team players have been playing in an optimal, although not reaching AFF Cup, after the defense team had difficulty penetrating the neighbor, hopes eventually emerge. Indonesia gets a penalty kick after Malaysian players hands ball in the box forbidden. Unfortunately, Firman Utina failed to carry his team the lead. His shot was too weak, and can be caught goalkeeper Khairul Fahmi Che Mat, who was playing deft.
Soon, Malaysia precisely who had the upper hand. After a pause the first half, they could excel ahead thanks to goals Safee bin Mohd Mohd Sali in minute fifty six.
Two goals in a reply printed M Nasuha Indonesia and Malaysia players own goal kick is wrong to anticipate the M Ridwan AFF Cup is not enough to hook into the arms of the country. Indonesia won two-one, but in the aggregate lose two-four.Every player is unsettled. Indonesia has a lot of opportunities but trouble finishing the turn". But although Indonesia has lost the game to unite this country and the fans will continue to support the national team to Indonesia rose from the defeat that has been experienced so far, the national team does not make a disappointment for Indonesia, although myself do not really like football but I hope the Indonesian national team will always flying in Indonesia and will be the host for his own country, I love Indonesia and Garuda always be stored in my chest.
writing fall for you
This song tells about boyfriend who does not want to be left behind his girlfriend, the title of this song is fall for you. Why I like this song because this song reminds me of someone who ever loved me until today, the lyrics he told that he will not get the loyalty, kindness and attention as women who have left him. He probably will continue to think of the woman, but he thingking that the incident had been experienced before, he said you may think she will be forget about it, but in fact he can not forget these women, even women are hard to find a replacement, beginning before they split up they always quarrel and men are trying to fix it, nbut his effort is vain, perhaps destiny, those who have parted because on night he was a man only thinks why these women leave him alone, and why women are always there in his thoughts, the man did not want separation because to find a woman like she was very hard, to get like her, the man told the woman hoping to repeat their relationship, and he hopes do not let him change his mind to hate him forever, this song is so deep for me because I also always thought of someone who arrive at this moment in my dear, I felt I was very stupid at the time why he loves me completely but I wasted it, and in the end I realized turns out he did not like as a boy asa I now today, he is not selfish he will understand what I want, and as long as I was nearby I feel comfortable, I feel he always protected me. Honestly until today I feel sorry if he was still in love with me please return her to me and he dreamed in my sleep, and so far I'm still hoping for her to return to myself.
jenis2 puisi dpt dnlod
jENIS PUISI
Puisi adalah bentuk karangan yang terkikat oleh rima, ritma, ataupun jumlah baris serta ditandai oleh bahasa yang padat. Menurut zamannya, puisi dibedakan atas puisi lama dan puisi baru.
A. PUISI LAMA
Puisi lama adalah puisi yang terikat oleh aturan-aturan. Aturan- aturan itu antara lain :
- Jumlah kata dalam 1 baris
- Jumlah baris dalam 1 bait
- Persajakan (rima)
- Banyak suku kata tiap baris
- Irama
1. Ciri-ciri Puisi Lama
Ciri puisi lama:
a) Merupakan puisi rakyat yang tak dikenal nama pengarangnya.
b) Disampaikan lewat mulut ke mulut, jadi merupakan sastra lisan.
c) Sangat terikat oleh aturan-aturan seperti jumlah baris tiap bait, jumlah suku kata
maupun rima.
2. Jenis Puisi Lama
Yang termasuk puisi lama adalah :
a) Mantra adalah ucapan-ucapan yang dianggap memiliki kekuatan gaib.
b) Pantun adalah puisi yang bercirikan bersajak a-b-a-b, tiap bait 4 baris, tiap baris terdiri dari 8-12 suku kata, 2 baris awal sebagai sampiran, 2 baris berikutnya sebagai isi. Pembagian pantun menurut isinya terdiri dari pantun anak, muda-mudi, agama/nasihat, teka-teki, jenaka.
c) Karmina adalah pantun kilat seperti pantun tetapi pendek.
d) Seloka adalah pantun berkait.
e) Gurindam adalah puisi yang berdirikan tiap bait 2 baris, bersajak a-a-a-a, berisi
nasihat.
f) Syair adalah puisi yang bersumber dari Arab dengan ciri tiap bait 4 baris, bersajak a-a
a-a berisi nasihatatau cerita
g) Talibun adalah pantun genap yang tiap bait terdiri dari 6, 8, ataupun 10 baris.
3. Contoh dari Jenis-jenis Puisi Lama
a) Mantra
Assalammu’alaikum putri satulung besar
Yang beralun berilir simayang
Mari kecil, kemari
Aku menyanggul rambutmu
Aku membawa sadap gading
Akan membasuh mukamu
b) Pantun
Kalau ada jarum patah
Jangan dimasukkan ke dalam peti
Kalau ada kataku yang salah
Jangan dimasukan ke dalam hati
c) Karmina
Dahulu parang, sekarang besi (a)
Dahulu sayang sekarang benci (a)
d) Seloka
a) Mantra
Assalammu’alaikum putri satulung besar
Yang beralun berilir simayang
Mari kecil, kemari
Aku menyanggul rambutmu
Aku membawa sadap gading
Akan membasuh mukamu
b) Pantun
Kalau ada jarum patah
Jangan dimasukkan ke dalam peti
Kalau ada kataku yang salah
Jangan dimasukan ke dalam hati
c) Karmina
Dahulu parang, sekarang besi (a)
Dahulu sayang sekarang benci (a)
d) Seloka
Lurus jalan ke Payakumbuh,
Kayu jati bertimbal jalan
Di mana hati tak kan rusuh,
Ibu mati bapak berjalan
e) Gurindam
Kurang pikir kurang siasat (a)
Tentu dirimu akan tersesat (a)
Barang siapa tinggalkan sembahyang ( b )
Bagai rumah tiada bertiang ( b )
Jika suami tiada berhati lurus ( c )
Istri pun kelak menjadi kurus ( c )
f) Syair
Pada zaman dahulu kala (a)
Tersebutlah sebuah cerita (a)
Sebuah negeri yang aman sentosa (a)
Dipimpin sang raja nan bijaksana (a
g) talibun
Kalau anak pergi ke pekan
Yu beli belanak pun beli sampiran
Ikan panjang beli dahulu
Kalau anak pergi berjalan Ibu cari sanak pun cari isi Induk semang cari dahulu
4. Ciri-ciri dari jenis puisi lama
a) Mantra
Ciri-ciri:
Ø Berirama akhir abc-abc, abcd-abcd, abcde-abcde.
Ø Bersifat lisan, sakti atau magis.
Ø Adanya perulangan.
Ø Metafora merupakan unsur penting.
Ø Bersifat esoferik (bahasa khusus antara pembicara dan lawan bicara) dan misterius.
Ø Lebih bebas dibanding puisi rakyat lainnya dalam hal suku kata, baris dan persajakan.
b) pantun
Kalau anak pergi ke pekan
Yu beli belanak pun beli sampiran
Ikan panjang beli dahulu
Kalau anak pergi berjalan Ibu cari sanak pun cari isi Induk semang cari dahulu
4. Ciri-ciri dari jenis puisi lama
a) Mantra
Ciri-ciri:
Ø Berirama akhir abc-abc, abcd-abcd, abcde-abcde.
Ø Bersifat lisan, sakti atau magis.
Ø Adanya perulangan.
Ø Metafora merupakan unsur penting.
Ø Bersifat esoferik (bahasa khusus antara pembicara dan lawan bicara) dan misterius.
Ø Lebih bebas dibanding puisi rakyat lainnya dalam hal suku kata, baris dan persajakan.
b) Pantun
Ciri – ciri :
Ø Setiap bait terdiri 4 baris.
Ø Baris 1 dan 2 sebagai sampiran.
Ø Baris 3 dan 4 merupakan isi.
Ø Bersajak a – b – a – b.
Ø Setiap baris terdiri dari 8 – 12 suku kata.
Ø Berasal dari Melayu (Indonesia).
c) Karmina
Ciri-ciri :
Ø Setiap bait merupakan bagian dari keseluruhan.
Ø Bersajak aa-aa, aa-bb.
Ø Bersifat epik: mengisahkan seorang pahlawan.
Ø Tidak memiliki sampiran, hanya memiliki isi.
Ø Semua baris diawali huruf kapital.
Ø Semua baris diakhiri koma, kecuali baris ke-4 diakhiri tanda titik.
Ø Mengandung dua hal yang bertentangan yaitu rayuan dan perintah
d) Seloka
Ciri-ciri :
Ø Ditulis empat baris memakai bentuk pantun atau syair.
Ø Namun ada seloka yang ditulis lebih dari empat baris.
e) Gurindam
Ciri-ciri :
Ø Baris pertama berisikan semacam soal, masalah atau perjanjian.
Ø baris kedua berisikan jawabannya atau akibat dari masalah atau perjanjian pada baris
pertama tadi.
f) Syair
Ciri-ciri :
Ø Terdiri dari 4 baris.
Ø Berirama aaaa.
Ø Keempat baris tersebut mengandung arti atau maksud penyair
g). talibun
d) Seloka
Ciri-ciri :
Ø Ditulis empat baris memakai bentuk pantun atau syair.
Ø Namun ada seloka yang ditulis lebih dari empat baris.
e) Gurindam
Ciri-ciri :
Ø Baris pertama berisikan semacam soal, masalah atau perjanjian.
Ø baris kedua berisikan jawabannya atau akibat dari masalah atau perjanjian pada baris
pertama tadi.
f) Syair
Ciri-ciri :
Ø Terdiri dari 4 baris.
Ø Berirama aaaa.
Ø Keempat baris tersebut mengandung arti atau maksud penyair.
g) Talibun
Ciri-ciri:
Ø Jumlah barisnya lebih dari empat baris, tetapi harus genap misalnya 6, 8, 10 dan
seterusnya.
Ø Jika satu bait berisi enam baris, susunannya tiga sampiran dan tiga isi.
Ø Jika satu bait berisi delapan baris, susunannya empat sampiran dan empat isi.
Ø Apabila enam baris sajaknya a – b – c – a – b – c.
Ø Bila terdiri dari delapan baris, sajaknya a – b – c – d – a – b – c – d.
B. PUISI BARU
Puisi baru bentuknya lebih bebas daripada puisi lama baik dalam segi jumlah baris, suku
kata, maupun rima.
1. Ciri-ciri Puisi Baru
a) Bentuknya rapi, simetris;
b) Mempunyai persajakan akhir (yang teratur);
c) Banyak mempergunakan pola sajak pantun dan syair meskipun ada pola yang lain;
d) Sebagian besar puisi empat seuntai;
e) Tiap-tiap barisnya atas sebuah gatra (kesatuan sintaksis)
f) Tiap gatranya terdiri atas dua kata (sebagian besar) : 4-5 suku kata.
d) Seloka
Ciri-ciri :
Ø Ditulis empat baris memakai bentuk pantun atau syair.
Ø Namun ada seloka yang ditulis lebih dari empat baris.
e) Gurindam
Ciri-ciri :
Ø Baris pertama berisikan semacam soal, masalah atau perjanjian.
Ø baris kedua berisikan jawabannya atau akibat dari masalah atau perjanjian pada baris
pertama tadi.
f) Syair
Ciri-ciri :
Ø Terdiri dari 4 baris.
Ø Berirama aaaa.
Ø Keempat baris tersebut mengandung arti atau maksud penyair.
g) Talibun
Ciri-ciri:
Ø Jumlah barisnya lebih dari empat baris, tetapi harus genap misalnya 6, 8, 10 dan
seterusnya.
Ø Jika satu bait berisi enam baris, susunannya tiga sampiran dan tiga isi.
Ø Jika satu bait berisi delapan baris, susunannya empat sampiran dan empat isi.
Ø Apabila enam baris sajaknya a – b – c – a – b – c.
Ø Bila terdiri dari delapan baris, sajaknya a – b – c – d – a – b – c – d.
B. PUISI BARU
Puisi baru bentuknya lebih bebas daripada puisi lama baik dalam segi jumlah baris, suku
kata, maupun rima.
1. Ciri-ciri Puisi Baru
a) Bentuknya rapi, simetris;
b) Mempunyai persajakan akhir (yang teratur);
c) Banyak mempergunakan pola sajak pantun dan syair meskipun ada pola yang lain;
d) Sebagian besar puisi empat seuntai;
e) Tiap-tiap barisnya atas sebuah gatra (kesatuan sintaksis)
f) Tiap gatranya terdiri atas dua kata (sebagian besar) : 4-5 suku kata.
2. Jenis-jenis Puisi Baru
Menurut isinya, puisi dibedakan atas :
a) Balada adalah puisi berisi kisah/cerita
b) Himne adalah puisi pujaan untuk Tuhan, tanah air, atau pahlawan
c) Ode adalah puisi sanjungan untuk orang yang berjasa
d) Epigram adalah puisi yang berisi tuntunan/ajaran hidup
e) Romance adalah puisi yang berisi luapan perasaan cinta kasih
f) Elegi adalah puisi yang berisi ratap tangis/kesedihan
g) Satire adalah puisi yang berisi sindiran/kritik
Sedangkan macam-macam puisi baru dilihat dari bentuknya antara lain
2. Jenis-jenis Puisi Baru
Menurut isinya, puisi dibedakan atas :
a) Balada adalah puisi berisi kisah/cerita
b) Himne adalah puisi pujaan untuk Tuhan, tanah air, atau pahlawan
c) Ode adalah puisi sanjungan untuk orang yang berjasa
d) Epigram adalah puisi yang berisi tuntunan/ajaran hidup
e) Romance adalah puisi yang berisi luapan perasaan cinta kasih
f) Elegi adalah puisi yang berisi ratap tangis/kesedihan
g) Satire adalah puisi yang berisi sindiran/kritik
Sedangkan macam-macam puisi baru dilihat dari bentuknya antara lain:
a) Distikon
b) Terzina
c) Quatrain
d) Quint
e) Sektet
f) Septime
g) Oktaf/Stanza
h) Soneta
3. Contoh dari Jenis-jenis Puisi Baru
Contoh jenis puisi menurut isinya :
a) BALADA
Puisi karya Sapardi Djoko Damono yang berjudul “ Balada Matinya Aeorang
Pemberontak”.
b) HYMNE
Bahkan batu-batu yang keras dan bisu
Mengagungkan nama-Mu dengan cara sendiri
Menggeliat derita pada lekuk dan liku
bawah sayatan khianat dan dusta.
Dengan hikmat selalu kupandang patung-M
Dengan hikmat selalu kupandang patung-Mu
menitikkan darah dari tangan dan kaki
dari mahkota duri dan membulan paku
Yang dikarati oleh dosa manusia.
Tanpa luka-luka yang lebar terbuka
dunia kehilangan sumber kasih
Besarlah mereka yang dalam nestapa
mengenal-Mu tersalib di datam hati
i S.K)
c) ODE
Generasi Sekarang
Di atas puncak gunung fantasi
Berdiri aku, dan dari sana
Mandang ke bawah, ke tempat berjuang
Generasi sekarang di panjang masa
Menciptakan kemegahan baru
Pantoen keindahan Indonesia
Yang jadi kenang-kenangan
Pada zaman dalam dunia
(Asmara Hadi)
d) EPIGRAM
Hari ini tak ada tempat berdiri
Sikap lamban berarti mati
Siapa yang bergerak, merekalah yang di depan
Yang menunggu sejenak sekalipun pasti tergilas
(Iqbal)
e) ELEGI
Senja di Pelabuhan Kecil
Ini kali tidak ada yang mencari cinta
di antara gudang, rumah tua, pada cerita
tiang serta temali. Kapal, perahu tiada berlaut
menghembus diri dalam mempercaya mau berpaut
Gerimis mempercepat kelam. Ada juga kelepak elang
menyinggung muram, desir hari lari berenang
menemu bujuk pangkal akanan. Tidak bergerak
dan kini tanah dan air tidur hilang ombak.
Tiada lagi. Aku sendiri. Berjalan
menyisir semenanjung, masih pengap harap
sekali tiba di ujung dan sekalian selamat jalan
dari pantai keempat, sedu penghabisan bisa terdekap
(chaiirl anwar)
SATIRE
Aku bertanya
tetapi pertanyaan-pertanyaanku
membentur jidad penyair-penyair salon,
yang bersajak tentang anggur dan rembulan,
sementara ketidakadilan terjadi
di sampingnya,
dan delapan juta kanak-kanak tanpa pendidikan,
termangu-mangu dl kaki dewi kesenian.
(Rendra)
Contoh jenis puisi dari bentuknya :
a) DISTIKON
Contoh :
Berkali kita gagal
Ulangi lagi dan cari akal
Berkali-kali kita jatuh
Kembali berdiri jangan mengeluh
b) f) SATIRE
Aku bertanya
tetapi pertanyaan-pertanyaanku
membentur jidad penyair-penyair salon,
yang bersajak tentang anggur dan rembulan,
sementara ketidakadilan terjadi
di sampingnya,
dan delapan juta kanak-kanak tanpa pendidikan,
termangu-mangu dl kaki dewi kesenian.
c) (Rendra)
d) Contoh jenis puisi dari bentuknya :
e) a) DISTIKON
Contoh :
Berkali kita gagal
Ulangi lagi dan cari akal
Berkali-kali kita jatuh
Kembali berdiri jangan mengeluh
(Or. Mandank)
f) b) TERZINA
g) Contoh :
Dalam ribaan bahagia datang
Tersenyum bagai kencana
Mengharum bagai cendana
Dalam bah’gia cinta tiba melayang
Bersinar bagai matahari
Mewarna bagaikan sari
Dari ; Madah Kelana
Karya : Sanusi Pane
h) c) QUATRAIN
Contoh :
Mendatang-datang jua
Kenangan masa lampau
Menghilang muncul jua
Yang dulu sinau silau
Membayang rupa jua
Adi kanda lama lalu
Membuat hati jua
Layu lipu rindu-sendu
(A.M. Daeng Myala)
i) d) QUINT
j) Contoh :
k) Hanya Kepada Tuan
Satu-satu perasaan
Hanya dapat saya katakan
Kepada tuan
Yang pernah merasakan
Satu-satu kegelisahan
Yang saya serahkan
Hanya dapat saya kisahkan
Kepada tuan
Yang pernah diresah gelisahkan
Satu-satu kenyataan
Yang bisa dirasakan
Hanya dapat saya nyatakan
Kepada tuan
Yang enggan menerima kenyataan
(Or. Mandank)
l) d) QUINT
m) Contoh :
n) Hanya Kepada Tuan
Satu-satu perasaan
Hanya dapat saya katakan
Kepada tuan
Yang pernah merasakan
Satu-satu kegelisahan
Yang saya serahkan
Hanya dapat saya kisahkan
Kepada tuan
Yang pernah diresah gelisahkan
Satu-satu kenyataan
Yang bisa dirasakan
Hanya dapat saya nyatakan
Kepada tuan
Yang enggan menerima kenyataan
(Or. Mandank)
o) e) SEXTET
Contoh :
Merindu Bagia
Jika hari’lah tengah malam
Angin berhenti dari bernafas
Sukma jiwaku rasa tenggelam
Dalam laut tidak terwatas
Menangis hati diiris sedih
(Ipih)
p) f) SEPTIMA
Contoh :
Indonesia Tumpah Darahku
Duduk di pantai tanah yang permai
Tempat gelombang pecah berderai
Berbuih putih di pasir terderai
Tampaklah pulau di lautan hijau
q) d) QUINT
r) Contoh :
s) Hanya Kepada Tuan
Satu-satu perasaan
Hanya dapat saya katakan
Kepada tuan
Yang pernah merasakan
Satu-satu kegelisahan
Yang saya serahkan
Hanya dapat saya kisahkan
Kepada tuan
Yang pernah diresah gelisahkan
Satu-satu kenyataan
Yang bisa dirasakan
Hanya dapat saya nyatakan
Kepada tuan
Yang enggan menerima kenyataan
(Or. Mandank)
t) e) SEXTET
Contoh :
Merindu Bagia
Jika hari’lah tengah malam
Angin berhenti dari bernafas
Sukma jiwaku rasa tenggelam
Dalam laut tidak terwatas
Menangis hati diiris sedih
(Ipih)
u) f) SEPTIMA
Contoh :
Indonesia Tumpah Darahku
Duduk di pantai tanah yang permai
Tempat gelombang pecah berderai
Berbuih putih di pasir terderai
Tampaklah pulau di lautan hijau
Gunung gemunung bagus rupanya
Ditimpah air mulia tampaknya
Tumpah darahku Indonesia namanya
v) (Muhammad Yamin)
w) d) QUINT
x) Contoh :
y) Hanya Kepada Tuan
Satu-satu perasaan
Hanya dapat saya katakan
Kepada tuan
Yang pernah merasakan
Satu-satu kegelisahan
Yang saya serahkan
Hanya dapat saya kisahkan
Kepada tuan
Yang pernah diresah gelisahkan
Satu-satu kenyataan
Yang bisa dirasakan
Hanya dapat saya nyatakan
Kepada tuan
Yang enggan menerima kenyataan
(Or. Mandank)
z) e) SEXTET
Contoh :
Merindu Bagia
Jika hari’lah tengah malam
Angin berhenti dari bernafas
Sukma jiwaku rasa tenggelam
Dalam laut tidak terwatas
Menangis hati diiris sedih
(Ipih)
aa) f) SEPTIMA
Contoh :
Indonesia Tumpah Darahku
Duduk di pantai tanah yang permai
Tempat gelombang pecah berderai
Berbuih putih di pasir terderai
Tampaklah pulau di lautan hijau
Gunung gemunung bagus rupanya
Ditimpah air mulia tampaknya
Tumpah darahku Indonesia namanya
bb) (Muhammad Yamin)
cc) g) STANZA ( OCTAV )
dd) Contoh :
ee) Awan
ff) Awan datang melayang perlahan
gg) Serasa bermimpi, serasa berangan
Bertambah lama, lupa di diri
Bertambah halus akhirnya seri
Dan bentuk menjadi hilang
Dalam langit biru gemilang
Demikian jiwaku lenyap sekarang
Dalam kehidupan teguh tenang
(Sanusi Pane)
hh) h) SONETA
Contoh :
Gembala
Perasaan siapa ta ‘kan nyala ( a )
Melihat anak berelagu dendang ( b )
Seorang saja di tengah padang ( b )
Tiada berbaju buka kepala ( a )
ii) Serasa bermimpi, serasa berangan
Bertambah lama, lupa di diri
Bertambah halus akhirnya seri
Dan bentuk menjadi hilang
Dalam langit biru gemilang
Demikian jiwaku lenyap sekarang
Dalam kehidupan teguh tenang
(Sanusi Pane)
jj) h) SONETA
Contoh :
Gembala
Perasaan siapa ta ‘kan nyala ( a )
Melihat anak berelagu dendang ( b )
Seorang saja di tengah padang ( b )
Tiada berbaju buka kepala ( a )
Beginilah nasib anak gembala ( a )
Berteduh di bawah kayu nan rindang ( b )
Semenjak pagi meninggalkan kandang ( b )
Pulang ke rumah di senja kala ( a )
Jauh sedikit sesayup sampai ( a )
Terdengar olehku bunyi serunai ( a )
Melagukan alam nan molek permai ( a )
Wahai gembala di segara hijau ( c )
Mendengarkan puputmu menurutkan kerbau ( c )
Maulah aku menurutkan dikau ( c )
(Muhammad yamin)
Serasa bermimpi, serasa berangan
Bertambah lama, lupa di diri
Bertambah halus akhirnya seri
Dan bentuk menjadi hilang
Dalam langit biru gemilang
Demikian jiwaku lenyap sekarang
Dalam kehidupan teguh tenang
(Sanusi Pane)
h) SONETA
Contoh :
Gembala
Perasaan siapa ta ‘kan nyala ( a )
Melihat anak berelagu dendang ( b )
Seorang saja di tengah padang ( b )
Tiada berbaju buka kepala ( a )
Beginilah nasib anak gembala ( a )
Berteduh di bawah kayu nan rindang ( b )
Semenjak pagi meninggalkan kandang ( b )
Pulang ke rumah di senja kala ( a )
Jauh sedikit sesayup sampai ( a )
Terdengar olehku bunyi serunai ( a )
Melagukan alam nan molek permai ( a )
Wahai gembala di segara hijau ( c )
Mendengarkan puputmu menurutkan kerbau ( c )
Maulah aku menurutkan dikau ( c )
(Muhammad Yamin)
4. Ciri-ciri dari Jenis Puisi Baru
v Ciri puisi dari Jenis isinya :
a) Balada
Ciri-ciri balada :
Balada jenis ini terdiri dari 3 (tiga) bait, masing-masing dengan 8 (delapan) larik dengan skema rima a-b-a-b-b-c-c-b. Kemudian skema rima berubah menjadi a-b-a-b-b-c-b-c. Larik terakhir dalam bait pertama digunakan sebagai refren dalam bait-bait berikutnya.
b) Hymne
Ciri-ciri hymne :
Lagu pujian untuk menghormati seorang dewa, Tuhan, seorang pahlawan, tanah air, atau alma mater (pemandu di dunia sastra).
Sekarang ini, pengertian himne menjadi berkembang. Himne diartikan sebagai puisi yang dinyanyikan, berisi pujian terhadap sesuatu yang dihormati (guru, pahlawan, dewa, Tuhan) yang bernafaskan ke-Tuhan-an.
c) Ode
Ciri-ciri ode :
Ciri ode nada dan gayanya sangat resmi (metrumnya ketat), bernada anggun, membahas sesuatu yang mulia, bersifat menyanjung baik terhadap pribadi tertentu atau peristiwa umum.
d) Epigram
Epigramma (Greek); unsur pengajaran; didaktik; nasihat membawa ke arah kebenaran
untuk dijadikan pedoman, ikhtibar; ada teladan.
) Romance
Romantique (Perancis); keindahan perasaan; persoalan kasih sayang, rindu dendam, serta
kasih mesra
f) Elegi
Ciri-ciri elegi :
Sajak atau lagu yang mengungkapkan rasa duka atau keluh kesah karena sedih atau rindu,
terutama karena kematian/kepergian seseorang.
g) Satire
Satura (Latin) ; sindiran ; kecaman tajam terhadap sesuatu fenomena; tidak puas hati satu
golongan (ke atas pemimpin yang pura-pura, rasuah, zalim etc)
v Ciri puisi dari Jenis bentuknya :
a) Distikon
• 2 baris; sajak 2 seuntai
• Distikon (Greek: 2 baris)
• Rima – aa
– bb
b) Terzina
Terzina (Itali: 3 irama)
c) Quatrain
• Quatrain (Perancis: 4 baris)
• Pada asalnya ada 4 rangkap
• Dipelopori di Malaysia oleh Mahsuri S.N.
d) Quint
Pada asalnya, rima Quint adalah /aaaaa/ tetapi kini 5 baris dalam serangkap diterima umum sebagai Quint (perubahan ini dikatakan berpunca dari kesukaran penyair untuk membina rima /aaaaa/
e) Sextet
• sextet (latin: 6 baris)
• Dikenali sebagai ‘terzina ganda dua’
• Rima akhir bebas
c) Quatrain
• Quatrain (Perancis: 4 baris)
• Pada asalnya ada 4 rangkap
• Dipelopori di Malaysia oleh Mahsuri S.N.
d) Quint
Pada asalnya, rima Quint adalah /aaaaa/ tetapi kini 5 baris dalam serangkap diterima umum sebagai Quint (perubahan ini dikatakan berpunca dari kesukaran penyair untuk membina rima /aaaaa/
e) Sextet
• sextet (latin: 6 baris)
• Dikenali sebagai ‘terzina ganda dua’
• Rima akhir bebas
f) Septima
• septime (Latin: 7 baris)
• Rima akhir bebas
g) Oktav
• Oktaf (Latin: 8 baris)
• Dikenali sebagai ‘double Quatrain’
h) Soneta
ciri – ciri soneta :
• Terdiri atas 14 baris
• Terdiri atas 4 bait, yang terdiri atas 2 quatrain dan 2 terzina
• Dua quatrain merupakan sampiran dan merupakan satu kesatuan yang disebut octav.
• Dua terzina merupakan isi dan merupakan satu kesatuan yang disebut isi yang disebut
sextet.
• Bagian sampiran biasanya berupa gambaran alam
• Sextet berisi curahan atau jawaban atau kesimpulan daripada apa yang dilukiskan dalam
ocvtav , jadi sifatnya subyektif.
Peralihan dari octav ke sextet disebut volta
• Penambahan baris pada soneta disebut koda.
• Jumlah suku kata dalam tiap-tiap baris biasanya antara 9 – 14 suku kata
• Rima akhirnya adalah a – b – b – a, a – b – b – a, c – d – c, d – c – d.
Puisi adalah bentuk karangan yang terkikat oleh rima, ritma, ataupun jumlah baris serta ditandai oleh bahasa yang padat. Menurut zamannya, puisi dibedakan atas puisi lama dan puisi baru.
A. PUISI LAMA
Puisi lama adalah puisi yang terikat oleh aturan-aturan. Aturan- aturan itu antara lain :
- Jumlah kata dalam 1 baris
- Jumlah baris dalam 1 bait
- Persajakan (rima)
- Banyak suku kata tiap baris
- Irama
1. Ciri-ciri Puisi Lama
Ciri puisi lama:
a) Merupakan puisi rakyat yang tak dikenal nama pengarangnya.
b) Disampaikan lewat mulut ke mulut, jadi merupakan sastra lisan.
c) Sangat terikat oleh aturan-aturan seperti jumlah baris tiap bait, jumlah suku kata
maupun rima.
2. Jenis Puisi Lama
Yang termasuk puisi lama adalah :
a) Mantra adalah ucapan-ucapan yang dianggap memiliki kekuatan gaib.
b) Pantun adalah puisi yang bercirikan bersajak a-b-a-b, tiap bait 4 baris, tiap baris terdiri dari 8-12 suku kata, 2 baris awal sebagai sampiran, 2 baris berikutnya sebagai isi. Pembagian pantun menurut isinya terdiri dari pantun anak, muda-mudi, agama/nasihat, teka-teki, jenaka.
c) Karmina adalah pantun kilat seperti pantun tetapi pendek.
d) Seloka adalah pantun berkait.
e) Gurindam adalah puisi yang berdirikan tiap bait 2 baris, bersajak a-a-a-a, berisi
nasihat.
f) Syair adalah puisi yang bersumber dari Arab dengan ciri tiap bait 4 baris, bersajak a-a
a-a berisi nasihatatau cerita
g) Talibun adalah pantun genap yang tiap bait terdiri dari 6, 8, ataupun 10 baris.
3. Contoh dari Jenis-jenis Puisi Lama
a) Mantra
Assalammu’alaikum putri satulung besar
Yang beralun berilir simayang
Mari kecil, kemari
Aku menyanggul rambutmu
Aku membawa sadap gading
Akan membasuh mukamu
b) Pantun
Kalau ada jarum patah
Jangan dimasukkan ke dalam peti
Kalau ada kataku yang salah
Jangan dimasukan ke dalam hati
c) Karmina
Dahulu parang, sekarang besi (a)
Dahulu sayang sekarang benci (a)
d) Seloka
a) Mantra
Assalammu’alaikum putri satulung besar
Yang beralun berilir simayang
Mari kecil, kemari
Aku menyanggul rambutmu
Aku membawa sadap gading
Akan membasuh mukamu
b) Pantun
Kalau ada jarum patah
Jangan dimasukkan ke dalam peti
Kalau ada kataku yang salah
Jangan dimasukan ke dalam hati
c) Karmina
Dahulu parang, sekarang besi (a)
Dahulu sayang sekarang benci (a)
d) Seloka
Lurus jalan ke Payakumbuh,
Kayu jati bertimbal jalan
Di mana hati tak kan rusuh,
Ibu mati bapak berjalan
e) Gurindam
Kurang pikir kurang siasat (a)
Tentu dirimu akan tersesat (a)
Barang siapa tinggalkan sembahyang ( b )
Bagai rumah tiada bertiang ( b )
Jika suami tiada berhati lurus ( c )
Istri pun kelak menjadi kurus ( c )
f) Syair
Pada zaman dahulu kala (a)
Tersebutlah sebuah cerita (a)
Sebuah negeri yang aman sentosa (a)
Dipimpin sang raja nan bijaksana (a
g) talibun
Kalau anak pergi ke pekan
Yu beli belanak pun beli sampiran
Ikan panjang beli dahulu
Kalau anak pergi berjalan Ibu cari sanak pun cari isi Induk semang cari dahulu
4. Ciri-ciri dari jenis puisi lama
a) Mantra
Ciri-ciri:
Ø Berirama akhir abc-abc, abcd-abcd, abcde-abcde.
Ø Bersifat lisan, sakti atau magis.
Ø Adanya perulangan.
Ø Metafora merupakan unsur penting.
Ø Bersifat esoferik (bahasa khusus antara pembicara dan lawan bicara) dan misterius.
Ø Lebih bebas dibanding puisi rakyat lainnya dalam hal suku kata, baris dan persajakan.
b) pantun
Kalau anak pergi ke pekan
Yu beli belanak pun beli sampiran
Ikan panjang beli dahulu
Kalau anak pergi berjalan Ibu cari sanak pun cari isi Induk semang cari dahulu
4. Ciri-ciri dari jenis puisi lama
a) Mantra
Ciri-ciri:
Ø Berirama akhir abc-abc, abcd-abcd, abcde-abcde.
Ø Bersifat lisan, sakti atau magis.
Ø Adanya perulangan.
Ø Metafora merupakan unsur penting.
Ø Bersifat esoferik (bahasa khusus antara pembicara dan lawan bicara) dan misterius.
Ø Lebih bebas dibanding puisi rakyat lainnya dalam hal suku kata, baris dan persajakan.
b) Pantun
Ciri – ciri :
Ø Setiap bait terdiri 4 baris.
Ø Baris 1 dan 2 sebagai sampiran.
Ø Baris 3 dan 4 merupakan isi.
Ø Bersajak a – b – a – b.
Ø Setiap baris terdiri dari 8 – 12 suku kata.
Ø Berasal dari Melayu (Indonesia).
c) Karmina
Ciri-ciri :
Ø Setiap bait merupakan bagian dari keseluruhan.
Ø Bersajak aa-aa, aa-bb.
Ø Bersifat epik: mengisahkan seorang pahlawan.
Ø Tidak memiliki sampiran, hanya memiliki isi.
Ø Semua baris diawali huruf kapital.
Ø Semua baris diakhiri koma, kecuali baris ke-4 diakhiri tanda titik.
Ø Mengandung dua hal yang bertentangan yaitu rayuan dan perintah
d) Seloka
Ciri-ciri :
Ø Ditulis empat baris memakai bentuk pantun atau syair.
Ø Namun ada seloka yang ditulis lebih dari empat baris.
e) Gurindam
Ciri-ciri :
Ø Baris pertama berisikan semacam soal, masalah atau perjanjian.
Ø baris kedua berisikan jawabannya atau akibat dari masalah atau perjanjian pada baris
pertama tadi.
f) Syair
Ciri-ciri :
Ø Terdiri dari 4 baris.
Ø Berirama aaaa.
Ø Keempat baris tersebut mengandung arti atau maksud penyair
g). talibun
d) Seloka
Ciri-ciri :
Ø Ditulis empat baris memakai bentuk pantun atau syair.
Ø Namun ada seloka yang ditulis lebih dari empat baris.
e) Gurindam
Ciri-ciri :
Ø Baris pertama berisikan semacam soal, masalah atau perjanjian.
Ø baris kedua berisikan jawabannya atau akibat dari masalah atau perjanjian pada baris
pertama tadi.
f) Syair
Ciri-ciri :
Ø Terdiri dari 4 baris.
Ø Berirama aaaa.
Ø Keempat baris tersebut mengandung arti atau maksud penyair.
g) Talibun
Ciri-ciri:
Ø Jumlah barisnya lebih dari empat baris, tetapi harus genap misalnya 6, 8, 10 dan
seterusnya.
Ø Jika satu bait berisi enam baris, susunannya tiga sampiran dan tiga isi.
Ø Jika satu bait berisi delapan baris, susunannya empat sampiran dan empat isi.
Ø Apabila enam baris sajaknya a – b – c – a – b – c.
Ø Bila terdiri dari delapan baris, sajaknya a – b – c – d – a – b – c – d.
B. PUISI BARU
Puisi baru bentuknya lebih bebas daripada puisi lama baik dalam segi jumlah baris, suku
kata, maupun rima.
1. Ciri-ciri Puisi Baru
a) Bentuknya rapi, simetris;
b) Mempunyai persajakan akhir (yang teratur);
c) Banyak mempergunakan pola sajak pantun dan syair meskipun ada pola yang lain;
d) Sebagian besar puisi empat seuntai;
e) Tiap-tiap barisnya atas sebuah gatra (kesatuan sintaksis)
f) Tiap gatranya terdiri atas dua kata (sebagian besar) : 4-5 suku kata.
d) Seloka
Ciri-ciri :
Ø Ditulis empat baris memakai bentuk pantun atau syair.
Ø Namun ada seloka yang ditulis lebih dari empat baris.
e) Gurindam
Ciri-ciri :
Ø Baris pertama berisikan semacam soal, masalah atau perjanjian.
Ø baris kedua berisikan jawabannya atau akibat dari masalah atau perjanjian pada baris
pertama tadi.
f) Syair
Ciri-ciri :
Ø Terdiri dari 4 baris.
Ø Berirama aaaa.
Ø Keempat baris tersebut mengandung arti atau maksud penyair.
g) Talibun
Ciri-ciri:
Ø Jumlah barisnya lebih dari empat baris, tetapi harus genap misalnya 6, 8, 10 dan
seterusnya.
Ø Jika satu bait berisi enam baris, susunannya tiga sampiran dan tiga isi.
Ø Jika satu bait berisi delapan baris, susunannya empat sampiran dan empat isi.
Ø Apabila enam baris sajaknya a – b – c – a – b – c.
Ø Bila terdiri dari delapan baris, sajaknya a – b – c – d – a – b – c – d.
B. PUISI BARU
Puisi baru bentuknya lebih bebas daripada puisi lama baik dalam segi jumlah baris, suku
kata, maupun rima.
1. Ciri-ciri Puisi Baru
a) Bentuknya rapi, simetris;
b) Mempunyai persajakan akhir (yang teratur);
c) Banyak mempergunakan pola sajak pantun dan syair meskipun ada pola yang lain;
d) Sebagian besar puisi empat seuntai;
e) Tiap-tiap barisnya atas sebuah gatra (kesatuan sintaksis)
f) Tiap gatranya terdiri atas dua kata (sebagian besar) : 4-5 suku kata.
2. Jenis-jenis Puisi Baru
Menurut isinya, puisi dibedakan atas :
a) Balada adalah puisi berisi kisah/cerita
b) Himne adalah puisi pujaan untuk Tuhan, tanah air, atau pahlawan
c) Ode adalah puisi sanjungan untuk orang yang berjasa
d) Epigram adalah puisi yang berisi tuntunan/ajaran hidup
e) Romance adalah puisi yang berisi luapan perasaan cinta kasih
f) Elegi adalah puisi yang berisi ratap tangis/kesedihan
g) Satire adalah puisi yang berisi sindiran/kritik
Sedangkan macam-macam puisi baru dilihat dari bentuknya antara lain
2. Jenis-jenis Puisi Baru
Menurut isinya, puisi dibedakan atas :
a) Balada adalah puisi berisi kisah/cerita
b) Himne adalah puisi pujaan untuk Tuhan, tanah air, atau pahlawan
c) Ode adalah puisi sanjungan untuk orang yang berjasa
d) Epigram adalah puisi yang berisi tuntunan/ajaran hidup
e) Romance adalah puisi yang berisi luapan perasaan cinta kasih
f) Elegi adalah puisi yang berisi ratap tangis/kesedihan
g) Satire adalah puisi yang berisi sindiran/kritik
Sedangkan macam-macam puisi baru dilihat dari bentuknya antara lain:
a) Distikon
b) Terzina
c) Quatrain
d) Quint
e) Sektet
f) Septime
g) Oktaf/Stanza
h) Soneta
3. Contoh dari Jenis-jenis Puisi Baru
Contoh jenis puisi menurut isinya :
a) BALADA
Puisi karya Sapardi Djoko Damono yang berjudul “ Balada Matinya Aeorang
Pemberontak”.
b) HYMNE
Bahkan batu-batu yang keras dan bisu
Mengagungkan nama-Mu dengan cara sendiri
Menggeliat derita pada lekuk dan liku
bawah sayatan khianat dan dusta.
Dengan hikmat selalu kupandang patung-M
Dengan hikmat selalu kupandang patung-Mu
menitikkan darah dari tangan dan kaki
dari mahkota duri dan membulan paku
Yang dikarati oleh dosa manusia.
Tanpa luka-luka yang lebar terbuka
dunia kehilangan sumber kasih
Besarlah mereka yang dalam nestapa
mengenal-Mu tersalib di datam hati
i S.K)
c) ODE
Generasi Sekarang
Di atas puncak gunung fantasi
Berdiri aku, dan dari sana
Mandang ke bawah, ke tempat berjuang
Generasi sekarang di panjang masa
Menciptakan kemegahan baru
Pantoen keindahan Indonesia
Yang jadi kenang-kenangan
Pada zaman dalam dunia
(Asmara Hadi)
d) EPIGRAM
Hari ini tak ada tempat berdiri
Sikap lamban berarti mati
Siapa yang bergerak, merekalah yang di depan
Yang menunggu sejenak sekalipun pasti tergilas
(Iqbal)
e) ELEGI
Senja di Pelabuhan Kecil
Ini kali tidak ada yang mencari cinta
di antara gudang, rumah tua, pada cerita
tiang serta temali. Kapal, perahu tiada berlaut
menghembus diri dalam mempercaya mau berpaut
Gerimis mempercepat kelam. Ada juga kelepak elang
menyinggung muram, desir hari lari berenang
menemu bujuk pangkal akanan. Tidak bergerak
dan kini tanah dan air tidur hilang ombak.
Tiada lagi. Aku sendiri. Berjalan
menyisir semenanjung, masih pengap harap
sekali tiba di ujung dan sekalian selamat jalan
dari pantai keempat, sedu penghabisan bisa terdekap
(chaiirl anwar)
SATIRE
Aku bertanya
tetapi pertanyaan-pertanyaanku
membentur jidad penyair-penyair salon,
yang bersajak tentang anggur dan rembulan,
sementara ketidakadilan terjadi
di sampingnya,
dan delapan juta kanak-kanak tanpa pendidikan,
termangu-mangu dl kaki dewi kesenian.
(Rendra)
Contoh jenis puisi dari bentuknya :
a) DISTIKON
Contoh :
Berkali kita gagal
Ulangi lagi dan cari akal
Berkali-kali kita jatuh
Kembali berdiri jangan mengeluh
b) f) SATIRE
Aku bertanya
tetapi pertanyaan-pertanyaanku
membentur jidad penyair-penyair salon,
yang bersajak tentang anggur dan rembulan,
sementara ketidakadilan terjadi
di sampingnya,
dan delapan juta kanak-kanak tanpa pendidikan,
termangu-mangu dl kaki dewi kesenian.
c) (Rendra)
d) Contoh jenis puisi dari bentuknya :
e) a) DISTIKON
Contoh :
Berkali kita gagal
Ulangi lagi dan cari akal
Berkali-kali kita jatuh
Kembali berdiri jangan mengeluh
(Or. Mandank)
f) b) TERZINA
g) Contoh :
Dalam ribaan bahagia datang
Tersenyum bagai kencana
Mengharum bagai cendana
Dalam bah’gia cinta tiba melayang
Bersinar bagai matahari
Mewarna bagaikan sari
Dari ; Madah Kelana
Karya : Sanusi Pane
h) c) QUATRAIN
Contoh :
Mendatang-datang jua
Kenangan masa lampau
Menghilang muncul jua
Yang dulu sinau silau
Membayang rupa jua
Adi kanda lama lalu
Membuat hati jua
Layu lipu rindu-sendu
(A.M. Daeng Myala)
i) d) QUINT
j) Contoh :
k) Hanya Kepada Tuan
Satu-satu perasaan
Hanya dapat saya katakan
Kepada tuan
Yang pernah merasakan
Satu-satu kegelisahan
Yang saya serahkan
Hanya dapat saya kisahkan
Kepada tuan
Yang pernah diresah gelisahkan
Satu-satu kenyataan
Yang bisa dirasakan
Hanya dapat saya nyatakan
Kepada tuan
Yang enggan menerima kenyataan
(Or. Mandank)
l) d) QUINT
m) Contoh :
n) Hanya Kepada Tuan
Satu-satu perasaan
Hanya dapat saya katakan
Kepada tuan
Yang pernah merasakan
Satu-satu kegelisahan
Yang saya serahkan
Hanya dapat saya kisahkan
Kepada tuan
Yang pernah diresah gelisahkan
Satu-satu kenyataan
Yang bisa dirasakan
Hanya dapat saya nyatakan
Kepada tuan
Yang enggan menerima kenyataan
(Or. Mandank)
o) e) SEXTET
Contoh :
Merindu Bagia
Jika hari’lah tengah malam
Angin berhenti dari bernafas
Sukma jiwaku rasa tenggelam
Dalam laut tidak terwatas
Menangis hati diiris sedih
(Ipih)
p) f) SEPTIMA
Contoh :
Indonesia Tumpah Darahku
Duduk di pantai tanah yang permai
Tempat gelombang pecah berderai
Berbuih putih di pasir terderai
Tampaklah pulau di lautan hijau
q) d) QUINT
r) Contoh :
s) Hanya Kepada Tuan
Satu-satu perasaan
Hanya dapat saya katakan
Kepada tuan
Yang pernah merasakan
Satu-satu kegelisahan
Yang saya serahkan
Hanya dapat saya kisahkan
Kepada tuan
Yang pernah diresah gelisahkan
Satu-satu kenyataan
Yang bisa dirasakan
Hanya dapat saya nyatakan
Kepada tuan
Yang enggan menerima kenyataan
(Or. Mandank)
t) e) SEXTET
Contoh :
Merindu Bagia
Jika hari’lah tengah malam
Angin berhenti dari bernafas
Sukma jiwaku rasa tenggelam
Dalam laut tidak terwatas
Menangis hati diiris sedih
(Ipih)
u) f) SEPTIMA
Contoh :
Indonesia Tumpah Darahku
Duduk di pantai tanah yang permai
Tempat gelombang pecah berderai
Berbuih putih di pasir terderai
Tampaklah pulau di lautan hijau
Gunung gemunung bagus rupanya
Ditimpah air mulia tampaknya
Tumpah darahku Indonesia namanya
v) (Muhammad Yamin)
w) d) QUINT
x) Contoh :
y) Hanya Kepada Tuan
Satu-satu perasaan
Hanya dapat saya katakan
Kepada tuan
Yang pernah merasakan
Satu-satu kegelisahan
Yang saya serahkan
Hanya dapat saya kisahkan
Kepada tuan
Yang pernah diresah gelisahkan
Satu-satu kenyataan
Yang bisa dirasakan
Hanya dapat saya nyatakan
Kepada tuan
Yang enggan menerima kenyataan
(Or. Mandank)
z) e) SEXTET
Contoh :
Merindu Bagia
Jika hari’lah tengah malam
Angin berhenti dari bernafas
Sukma jiwaku rasa tenggelam
Dalam laut tidak terwatas
Menangis hati diiris sedih
(Ipih)
aa) f) SEPTIMA
Contoh :
Indonesia Tumpah Darahku
Duduk di pantai tanah yang permai
Tempat gelombang pecah berderai
Berbuih putih di pasir terderai
Tampaklah pulau di lautan hijau
Gunung gemunung bagus rupanya
Ditimpah air mulia tampaknya
Tumpah darahku Indonesia namanya
bb) (Muhammad Yamin)
cc) g) STANZA ( OCTAV )
dd) Contoh :
ee) Awan
ff) Awan datang melayang perlahan
gg) Serasa bermimpi, serasa berangan
Bertambah lama, lupa di diri
Bertambah halus akhirnya seri
Dan bentuk menjadi hilang
Dalam langit biru gemilang
Demikian jiwaku lenyap sekarang
Dalam kehidupan teguh tenang
(Sanusi Pane)
hh) h) SONETA
Contoh :
Gembala
Perasaan siapa ta ‘kan nyala ( a )
Melihat anak berelagu dendang ( b )
Seorang saja di tengah padang ( b )
Tiada berbaju buka kepala ( a )
ii) Serasa bermimpi, serasa berangan
Bertambah lama, lupa di diri
Bertambah halus akhirnya seri
Dan bentuk menjadi hilang
Dalam langit biru gemilang
Demikian jiwaku lenyap sekarang
Dalam kehidupan teguh tenang
(Sanusi Pane)
jj) h) SONETA
Contoh :
Gembala
Perasaan siapa ta ‘kan nyala ( a )
Melihat anak berelagu dendang ( b )
Seorang saja di tengah padang ( b )
Tiada berbaju buka kepala ( a )
Beginilah nasib anak gembala ( a )
Berteduh di bawah kayu nan rindang ( b )
Semenjak pagi meninggalkan kandang ( b )
Pulang ke rumah di senja kala ( a )
Jauh sedikit sesayup sampai ( a )
Terdengar olehku bunyi serunai ( a )
Melagukan alam nan molek permai ( a )
Wahai gembala di segara hijau ( c )
Mendengarkan puputmu menurutkan kerbau ( c )
Maulah aku menurutkan dikau ( c )
(Muhammad yamin)
Serasa bermimpi, serasa berangan
Bertambah lama, lupa di diri
Bertambah halus akhirnya seri
Dan bentuk menjadi hilang
Dalam langit biru gemilang
Demikian jiwaku lenyap sekarang
Dalam kehidupan teguh tenang
(Sanusi Pane)
h) SONETA
Contoh :
Gembala
Perasaan siapa ta ‘kan nyala ( a )
Melihat anak berelagu dendang ( b )
Seorang saja di tengah padang ( b )
Tiada berbaju buka kepala ( a )
Beginilah nasib anak gembala ( a )
Berteduh di bawah kayu nan rindang ( b )
Semenjak pagi meninggalkan kandang ( b )
Pulang ke rumah di senja kala ( a )
Jauh sedikit sesayup sampai ( a )
Terdengar olehku bunyi serunai ( a )
Melagukan alam nan molek permai ( a )
Wahai gembala di segara hijau ( c )
Mendengarkan puputmu menurutkan kerbau ( c )
Maulah aku menurutkan dikau ( c )
(Muhammad Yamin)
4. Ciri-ciri dari Jenis Puisi Baru
v Ciri puisi dari Jenis isinya :
a) Balada
Ciri-ciri balada :
Balada jenis ini terdiri dari 3 (tiga) bait, masing-masing dengan 8 (delapan) larik dengan skema rima a-b-a-b-b-c-c-b. Kemudian skema rima berubah menjadi a-b-a-b-b-c-b-c. Larik terakhir dalam bait pertama digunakan sebagai refren dalam bait-bait berikutnya.
b) Hymne
Ciri-ciri hymne :
Lagu pujian untuk menghormati seorang dewa, Tuhan, seorang pahlawan, tanah air, atau alma mater (pemandu di dunia sastra).
Sekarang ini, pengertian himne menjadi berkembang. Himne diartikan sebagai puisi yang dinyanyikan, berisi pujian terhadap sesuatu yang dihormati (guru, pahlawan, dewa, Tuhan) yang bernafaskan ke-Tuhan-an.
c) Ode
Ciri-ciri ode :
Ciri ode nada dan gayanya sangat resmi (metrumnya ketat), bernada anggun, membahas sesuatu yang mulia, bersifat menyanjung baik terhadap pribadi tertentu atau peristiwa umum.
d) Epigram
Epigramma (Greek); unsur pengajaran; didaktik; nasihat membawa ke arah kebenaran
untuk dijadikan pedoman, ikhtibar; ada teladan.
) Romance
Romantique (Perancis); keindahan perasaan; persoalan kasih sayang, rindu dendam, serta
kasih mesra
f) Elegi
Ciri-ciri elegi :
Sajak atau lagu yang mengungkapkan rasa duka atau keluh kesah karena sedih atau rindu,
terutama karena kematian/kepergian seseorang.
g) Satire
Satura (Latin) ; sindiran ; kecaman tajam terhadap sesuatu fenomena; tidak puas hati satu
golongan (ke atas pemimpin yang pura-pura, rasuah, zalim etc)
v Ciri puisi dari Jenis bentuknya :
a) Distikon
• 2 baris; sajak 2 seuntai
• Distikon (Greek: 2 baris)
• Rima – aa
– bb
b) Terzina
Terzina (Itali: 3 irama)
c) Quatrain
• Quatrain (Perancis: 4 baris)
• Pada asalnya ada 4 rangkap
• Dipelopori di Malaysia oleh Mahsuri S.N.
d) Quint
Pada asalnya, rima Quint adalah /aaaaa/ tetapi kini 5 baris dalam serangkap diterima umum sebagai Quint (perubahan ini dikatakan berpunca dari kesukaran penyair untuk membina rima /aaaaa/
e) Sextet
• sextet (latin: 6 baris)
• Dikenali sebagai ‘terzina ganda dua’
• Rima akhir bebas
c) Quatrain
• Quatrain (Perancis: 4 baris)
• Pada asalnya ada 4 rangkap
• Dipelopori di Malaysia oleh Mahsuri S.N.
d) Quint
Pada asalnya, rima Quint adalah /aaaaa/ tetapi kini 5 baris dalam serangkap diterima umum sebagai Quint (perubahan ini dikatakan berpunca dari kesukaran penyair untuk membina rima /aaaaa/
e) Sextet
• sextet (latin: 6 baris)
• Dikenali sebagai ‘terzina ganda dua’
• Rima akhir bebas
f) Septima
• septime (Latin: 7 baris)
• Rima akhir bebas
g) Oktav
• Oktaf (Latin: 8 baris)
• Dikenali sebagai ‘double Quatrain’
h) Soneta
ciri – ciri soneta :
• Terdiri atas 14 baris
• Terdiri atas 4 bait, yang terdiri atas 2 quatrain dan 2 terzina
• Dua quatrain merupakan sampiran dan merupakan satu kesatuan yang disebut octav.
• Dua terzina merupakan isi dan merupakan satu kesatuan yang disebut isi yang disebut
sextet.
• Bagian sampiran biasanya berupa gambaran alam
• Sextet berisi curahan atau jawaban atau kesimpulan daripada apa yang dilukiskan dalam
ocvtav , jadi sifatnya subyektif.
Peralihan dari octav ke sextet disebut volta
• Penambahan baris pada soneta disebut koda.
• Jumlah suku kata dalam tiap-tiap baris biasanya antara 9 – 14 suku kata
• Rima akhirnya adalah a – b – b – a, a – b – b – a, c – d – c, d – c – d.
contoh structure 3 english modern
He is at home sick in bed.
1. That dog can eat almost anything with no ill effects.
2. They had been subjected to months of ill treatment.
3. I have two dogs and a cat.
4.
5. They move with feline agility.
6.
7. They move with feline agility.
8.
9. All the children in my family grew up to be very tall.
10. My mother is short but my father is fairly tall.
11. The giraffe is the tallest animal.
12. We worked all afternoon in the hot sun.
13. The chicken was fried in hot oil.
14. Your forehead feels hot. I think you might have a fever.
15. I was feeling hot and tired.
16. It's cold outside, but the wind makes it feel even colder.
17. It's bitterly cold out there!
18. metal that is cold to the touch
19. Are you cold? I could turn up the temperature if you'd like.
20. a bowl of cold cereal
21. The buyers were slow to act, and the house was sold to someone else.
22. He was a quiet boy who seldom spoke, and some people thought he was a little slow.
23. Business is slow during the summer.
24. The first few chapters are slow, but after that it gets better.
25. She's a very fast runner.
26. We're off to a fast start.
27. We're now experiencing a faster rate of inflation.
28. We took the faster route.
Origin of FAST
1. The land slopes down to the sea.
2. She called down to her friends in the street below.
3. They set the cake down on the table.
4. Lay down your book for a minute.
5. We watched the sun go down.
6. We keep our wine collection down in the basement.
7. What's going on down there?
8. He fell down and hurt his knee.
9. Climb down out of that tree!
10. He knocked him down with one punch.
Origin of DOWN
1. The land slopes down to the sea.
2. She called down to her friends in the street below.
3. They set the cake down on the table.
4. Lay down your book for a minute.
5. We watched the sun go down.
6. We keep our wine collection down in the basement.
7. What's going on down there?
8. He fell down and hurt his knee.
9. Climb down out of that tree!
10. He knocked him down with one punch.
Origin of DOWN
1. The land rises up from the valley.
2. She stood beneath the window and called up to her friend.
3. Please pick your clothes up off the floor.
4. We watched the sun come up.
5. He held up his hand.
6. We stored the boxes up in the attic.
7. She stuck a notice up on the wall.
8. What's going on up there?
9. He looked up at the stars.
10. The cards were on the table facing up.
Origin of UP
partly from Middle English up upward, from Old English ūp;partly from Middle English uppe on high, from Old English; both akin to Old High German ūf up and probably to Latinsub under, Greek hypo under, hyper over — more at OVER
First Known Use: before 12th century
Rhymes with UP
1. He punched me in the face.
2. She punched him on the chin.
3. He quickly punched the buttons on his telephone.
4. She punched an opening through the dough with her finger.
5. The tool punches holes in paper.
6. That dog barks all day long.
7. children playing with the family dog
8. wild dogs such as the Australian dingo
9. They say she's a real dog.
10. Her latest book turned out to be a real dog.
11. That was a dog of a movie.
12. The word meant one thing in Shakespeare's day, but itmeans something else now.
13. Red means “stop” and green means “go.”
14. Can you tell me what my dream means?
15. What was meant by the poet?
16. Don't distort what she meant by taking her words out of context.
17. He's very ambitious, and I mean that as a compliment.
18. It's a very easy question. Anyone, and I mean anyone, should be able to answer it.
19. She's not getting any thinner, if you know what I mean.
20. She says she didn't mean anything by what she did.
21. I don't trust him. He means no good.
22. The season of backyard barbecues and lakeside cookouts is at hand, which in most parts of the country means an orgy of grilled steaks, hamburgers and hot dogs lasting until Labor Day and beyond. —R. W. Apple, Jr., New York Times, 5 June 2002
23. [+]more
24
1. That dog can eat almost anything with no ill effects.
2. They had been subjected to months of ill treatment.
3. I have two dogs and a cat.
4.
5. They move with feline agility.
6.
7. They move with feline agility.
8.
9. All the children in my family grew up to be very tall.
10. My mother is short but my father is fairly tall.
11. The giraffe is the tallest animal.
12. We worked all afternoon in the hot sun.
13. The chicken was fried in hot oil.
14. Your forehead feels hot. I think you might have a fever.
15. I was feeling hot and tired.
16. It's cold outside, but the wind makes it feel even colder.
17. It's bitterly cold out there!
18. metal that is cold to the touch
19. Are you cold? I could turn up the temperature if you'd like.
20. a bowl of cold cereal
21. The buyers were slow to act, and the house was sold to someone else.
22. He was a quiet boy who seldom spoke, and some people thought he was a little slow.
23. Business is slow during the summer.
24. The first few chapters are slow, but after that it gets better.
25. She's a very fast runner.
26. We're off to a fast start.
27. We're now experiencing a faster rate of inflation.
28. We took the faster route.
Origin of FAST
1. The land slopes down to the sea.
2. She called down to her friends in the street below.
3. They set the cake down on the table.
4. Lay down your book for a minute.
5. We watched the sun go down.
6. We keep our wine collection down in the basement.
7. What's going on down there?
8. He fell down and hurt his knee.
9. Climb down out of that tree!
10. He knocked him down with one punch.
Origin of DOWN
1. The land slopes down to the sea.
2. She called down to her friends in the street below.
3. They set the cake down on the table.
4. Lay down your book for a minute.
5. We watched the sun go down.
6. We keep our wine collection down in the basement.
7. What's going on down there?
8. He fell down and hurt his knee.
9. Climb down out of that tree!
10. He knocked him down with one punch.
Origin of DOWN
1. The land rises up from the valley.
2. She stood beneath the window and called up to her friend.
3. Please pick your clothes up off the floor.
4. We watched the sun come up.
5. He held up his hand.
6. We stored the boxes up in the attic.
7. She stuck a notice up on the wall.
8. What's going on up there?
9. He looked up at the stars.
10. The cards were on the table facing up.
Origin of UP
partly from Middle English up upward, from Old English ūp;partly from Middle English uppe on high, from Old English; both akin to Old High German ūf up and probably to Latinsub under, Greek hypo under, hyper over — more at OVER
First Known Use: before 12th century
Rhymes with UP
1. He punched me in the face.
2. She punched him on the chin.
3. He quickly punched the buttons on his telephone.
4. She punched an opening through the dough with her finger.
5. The tool punches holes in paper.
6. That dog barks all day long.
7. children playing with the family dog
8. wild dogs such as the Australian dingo
9. They say she's a real dog.
10. Her latest book turned out to be a real dog.
11. That was a dog of a movie.
12. The word meant one thing in Shakespeare's day, but itmeans something else now.
13. Red means “stop” and green means “go.”
14. Can you tell me what my dream means?
15. What was meant by the poet?
16. Don't distort what she meant by taking her words out of context.
17. He's very ambitious, and I mean that as a compliment.
18. It's a very easy question. Anyone, and I mean anyone, should be able to answer it.
19. She's not getting any thinner, if you know what I mean.
20. She says she didn't mean anything by what she did.
21. I don't trust him. He means no good.
22. The season of backyard barbecues and lakeside cookouts is at hand, which in most parts of the country means an orgy of grilled steaks, hamburgers and hot dogs lasting until Labor Day and beyond. —R. W. Apple, Jr., New York Times, 5 June 2002
23. [+]more
24
contoh pidato karya ovi&t2
Bismillahirrahmanirrahim,
Assalamu’alaikum warahmatullahi wabarakatuh,
Salam sejahtera bagi kita semua,
Yang saya hormati, Kepala Sekolah SMUN 70
Yang saya muliakan, Guru-guru dan Pengurus SMUN 70
Yang saya sayangi, teman-teman semua.
Pada kesempatan yang membahagiakan dan insya Allah penuh berkah ini, marilah kita bersama-sama memanjatkan puji dan syukur ke hadirat Tuhan Yang Maha Kuasa, Allah SWT, atas perkenan rahmat dan rido-Nya, kita masih diberi semangat, kekuatan dan kesehatan untuk menghadiri pertemuan kita hari ini.
Teman-teman dan guru-guru yang saya sayangi,
Saya mendapat kehormatan pada hari ini, untuk ikut menyumbangkan pikiran, pendapat dan gagasan saya sebagai bagian dari dialog global warming smun 70.
Pada kesempatan yang baik ini, saya mengajak seluruh teman-teman dan guru untuk sejenak memikirkan dan mempedulikan keadaan bumi pertiwi kita yang saat ini sedang dilanda masalah.
Teman-teman dan guru-guru yang saya sayangi,
Global warming bukanlah hal yang baru lagi. Hal tersebut sudah menjadi topik-topik pembicaraan dan konflik di khalayak umum. Namun hanya segelintir manusia yang benar-benar sadar dan peduli akan akibat pemanasan global ini. Pemanasan global dapat menyebabkan tenggelamnya pulau-pulau, perubahan iklim secara ekstrim, perubahan sikulasi populasi laut dan perubahan pola penyakit.
Namun hal tersebut bisa kita hindari. Penyebab utama pemanasan global adalah manusia, maka manusia pasti bisa menghentikannya. Dengan cara menghemat energi dan melestarikan pohon adalah salah satu caranya. Kita bisa memulai hal ini dengan menghemat penggunaan kertas dan plastik.
Oleh karena itu, demi keselamatan kita bersama marilah kita mulai turut berpartisipasi dalam gerakan-gerakan global warming ataupun mulai dari diri kita sendiri.
Teman-teman dan guru-guru yang saya sayangi,
Saya sangat mengharapkan pidato ini daat menggugah teman-teman untuk selalu menjaga alam yang kita gunakan bersama-sama ini.Semoga keturunan-keturunan kita di masa depan masih dapat menikmati bumi kita ini.
Atas segala pengertian dan dukungan teman-teman dan guru-guru saya ucapkan terima kasih. Semoga Allah SWT melimpahkan rahmat-Nya kepada kita semua. Mari kita jaga dan rawat bumi ini sebaik-baiknya.
Wassalamu’alaikum warahmatullahi wabarakatuh.
Contoh pidato bahasa inggris
Ladies and gentlemen, do you remember the first time you saw magic? Well, when I was a little kid, my kindergarten teacher showed me a trick. That was when I first watched magic. She did this:(performing) “Hey kids, look at this handkerchief. I push this blue handkerchief into my hand, and watch. It’s gone! But if you say a magic word, ‘abracadabra’, you can make it reappear!” I couldn’t believe my eyes. And this experience inspired me to start learning magic. Today, however, instead of taking you to the mysterious world of magic, I’d like to discuss how the fantasy of magic can create a more pleasant life.
Now, what is your response when you see a trick like this? Through my experience as a magician, I’ve found that there are mainly two different types of reactions when people see magic. Let me explain.
The first group of people try to enjoy the illusion. They accept the fantasy of magic, and try to believe what is going on in front of their eyes.
The second group of people don’t distinguish the fantasy of magic from the world of reality. They either persist in finding out the secrets of the trick, or have no interest in magic at all. Instead they feel they are cheated by the magician, and therefore they don’t enjoy the experience.
Now, which type are you, ladies and gentlemen? Of course for the magician, the first group of people makes the most desirable audience. But in today’s busy society, I think the people of group 2 are at a disadvantage because I have a feeling that this attitude has something to do with one of our current problems, that is, ’stress’.
As you know, many of us are under increasing amounts of stress these days. Actually we are living in a very busy society and there are even children who suffer from stomach ulcers, which are considered to be a disease caused by stress. Many of us seek out the ways to alleviate the stress. But I think whether we suffer from stress or not depends largely on our attitude.
For example, the first group of people enjoy everything. They are cheerful, and naturally relaxed. On the other hand the second group of people never leave the world of reality and often try to find fault with everything. For instance, when recommended to try something new, they worry, “Is this going to be fun?” or “Isn’t that a waste of time?” And after that, they complain, “I shouldn’t have done that!”, and feel stress again. Or some people are at a loss as to how to make themselves relaxed, and their free time is spent just lying in front of TV all day, mostly wasting time.
I think people of group 2 lack the spirit of having fun, and that’s why they can’t relax and be happy. Although they’d like to be relaxed and happy, they make their own situations worse by being critical of everything even when relaxing. They also feel uneasy on the job, always thinking they are too busy, “I need some time to unwind.” In spite of this when it comes to their free time, they feel uneasy again, thinking, “Oh, it’s not the time to amuse myself. I’d better devote myself to my job.”
Of course, it might depend on one’s character or the life situation whether you can become the perfect group 1 people. But after all everybody needs fantasy somewhere deep inside, and the essence of relaxation is the spirit of having fun. Movies are a good example. There are so many kinds of movies, and the stories in most movies would hardly ever come true in our daily life. However, do we enjoy them when we are critical of the storyline? Do we enjoy them when we have doubt in our minds? The answer is definitely “No”. We enjoy them only by trying to believe the story, by trying to feel as if we are on the screen.
In Japan, working hard without taking a rest is often considered to be a great virtue. Of course, it is important to be diligent, but it’s not everything. We also need some time to put everything aside, escape our routine, and just relax. If we can fully appreciate our leisure time, we are refreshed, and can concentrate on our jobs once again. So let’s take the opportunity to escape with a spirit of having fun, to live a really happy life.
I myself came to realize how good it is to be a group 1 person through my magic. And as a saying goes, “Everybody loves magicians.” I believe magic is one of the best ways to have fun and relax. So I’d like to finish my speech by showing you some of my favorite tricks. (I show the audience a handkerchief) Well, I’m not here today for my magic show, but I stand here just to remind you of one thing. (It immediately changes into a cane.) That is, (I make the flower appear.) “It’s time to smell the flowers!” And if you totally enjoyed my speech and magic, —I’m happy to tell you— you are a group 1 person already. Congratulations!
Assalamu’alaikum warahmatullahi wabarakatuh,
Salam sejahtera bagi kita semua,
Yang saya hormati, Kepala Sekolah SMUN 70
Yang saya muliakan, Guru-guru dan Pengurus SMUN 70
Yang saya sayangi, teman-teman semua.
Pada kesempatan yang membahagiakan dan insya Allah penuh berkah ini, marilah kita bersama-sama memanjatkan puji dan syukur ke hadirat Tuhan Yang Maha Kuasa, Allah SWT, atas perkenan rahmat dan rido-Nya, kita masih diberi semangat, kekuatan dan kesehatan untuk menghadiri pertemuan kita hari ini.
Teman-teman dan guru-guru yang saya sayangi,
Saya mendapat kehormatan pada hari ini, untuk ikut menyumbangkan pikiran, pendapat dan gagasan saya sebagai bagian dari dialog global warming smun 70.
Pada kesempatan yang baik ini, saya mengajak seluruh teman-teman dan guru untuk sejenak memikirkan dan mempedulikan keadaan bumi pertiwi kita yang saat ini sedang dilanda masalah.
Teman-teman dan guru-guru yang saya sayangi,
Global warming bukanlah hal yang baru lagi. Hal tersebut sudah menjadi topik-topik pembicaraan dan konflik di khalayak umum. Namun hanya segelintir manusia yang benar-benar sadar dan peduli akan akibat pemanasan global ini. Pemanasan global dapat menyebabkan tenggelamnya pulau-pulau, perubahan iklim secara ekstrim, perubahan sikulasi populasi laut dan perubahan pola penyakit.
Namun hal tersebut bisa kita hindari. Penyebab utama pemanasan global adalah manusia, maka manusia pasti bisa menghentikannya. Dengan cara menghemat energi dan melestarikan pohon adalah salah satu caranya. Kita bisa memulai hal ini dengan menghemat penggunaan kertas dan plastik.
Oleh karena itu, demi keselamatan kita bersama marilah kita mulai turut berpartisipasi dalam gerakan-gerakan global warming ataupun mulai dari diri kita sendiri.
Teman-teman dan guru-guru yang saya sayangi,
Saya sangat mengharapkan pidato ini daat menggugah teman-teman untuk selalu menjaga alam yang kita gunakan bersama-sama ini.Semoga keturunan-keturunan kita di masa depan masih dapat menikmati bumi kita ini.
Atas segala pengertian dan dukungan teman-teman dan guru-guru saya ucapkan terima kasih. Semoga Allah SWT melimpahkan rahmat-Nya kepada kita semua. Mari kita jaga dan rawat bumi ini sebaik-baiknya.
Wassalamu’alaikum warahmatullahi wabarakatuh.
Contoh pidato bahasa inggris
Ladies and gentlemen, do you remember the first time you saw magic? Well, when I was a little kid, my kindergarten teacher showed me a trick. That was when I first watched magic. She did this:(performing) “Hey kids, look at this handkerchief. I push this blue handkerchief into my hand, and watch. It’s gone! But if you say a magic word, ‘abracadabra’, you can make it reappear!” I couldn’t believe my eyes. And this experience inspired me to start learning magic. Today, however, instead of taking you to the mysterious world of magic, I’d like to discuss how the fantasy of magic can create a more pleasant life.
Now, what is your response when you see a trick like this? Through my experience as a magician, I’ve found that there are mainly two different types of reactions when people see magic. Let me explain.
The first group of people try to enjoy the illusion. They accept the fantasy of magic, and try to believe what is going on in front of their eyes.
The second group of people don’t distinguish the fantasy of magic from the world of reality. They either persist in finding out the secrets of the trick, or have no interest in magic at all. Instead they feel they are cheated by the magician, and therefore they don’t enjoy the experience.
Now, which type are you, ladies and gentlemen? Of course for the magician, the first group of people makes the most desirable audience. But in today’s busy society, I think the people of group 2 are at a disadvantage because I have a feeling that this attitude has something to do with one of our current problems, that is, ’stress’.
As you know, many of us are under increasing amounts of stress these days. Actually we are living in a very busy society and there are even children who suffer from stomach ulcers, which are considered to be a disease caused by stress. Many of us seek out the ways to alleviate the stress. But I think whether we suffer from stress or not depends largely on our attitude.
For example, the first group of people enjoy everything. They are cheerful, and naturally relaxed. On the other hand the second group of people never leave the world of reality and often try to find fault with everything. For instance, when recommended to try something new, they worry, “Is this going to be fun?” or “Isn’t that a waste of time?” And after that, they complain, “I shouldn’t have done that!”, and feel stress again. Or some people are at a loss as to how to make themselves relaxed, and their free time is spent just lying in front of TV all day, mostly wasting time.
I think people of group 2 lack the spirit of having fun, and that’s why they can’t relax and be happy. Although they’d like to be relaxed and happy, they make their own situations worse by being critical of everything even when relaxing. They also feel uneasy on the job, always thinking they are too busy, “I need some time to unwind.” In spite of this when it comes to their free time, they feel uneasy again, thinking, “Oh, it’s not the time to amuse myself. I’d better devote myself to my job.”
Of course, it might depend on one’s character or the life situation whether you can become the perfect group 1 people. But after all everybody needs fantasy somewhere deep inside, and the essence of relaxation is the spirit of having fun. Movies are a good example. There are so many kinds of movies, and the stories in most movies would hardly ever come true in our daily life. However, do we enjoy them when we are critical of the storyline? Do we enjoy them when we have doubt in our minds? The answer is definitely “No”. We enjoy them only by trying to believe the story, by trying to feel as if we are on the screen.
In Japan, working hard without taking a rest is often considered to be a great virtue. Of course, it is important to be diligent, but it’s not everything. We also need some time to put everything aside, escape our routine, and just relax. If we can fully appreciate our leisure time, we are refreshed, and can concentrate on our jobs once again. So let’s take the opportunity to escape with a spirit of having fun, to live a really happy life.
I myself came to realize how good it is to be a group 1 person through my magic. And as a saying goes, “Everybody loves magicians.” I believe magic is one of the best ways to have fun and relax. So I’d like to finish my speech by showing you some of my favorite tricks. (I show the audience a handkerchief) Well, I’m not here today for my magic show, but I stand here just to remind you of one thing. (It immediately changes into a cane.) That is, (I make the flower appear.) “It’s time to smell the flowers!” And if you totally enjoyed my speech and magic, —I’m happy to tell you— you are a group 1 person already. Congratulations!
amandel
Ketika aku berumur enam tahun tepatnya ketika aku masih sekolah dasar aku mempunyai sebuah penyakit yang mengendap di kerongkongan belakang leher, penyakit tersebut biasa di sebut dengan amandel( tonsil), Tonsilitis adalah peradangan pada amandel disebabkan oleh infeksi virus atau bakteri. Peran amandel adalah sebagai penyaring atau fileter bakteri dan virus yang dapat menyebabkan terjadinya infeksi yang lebih berbahaya,semua orang pasti mempunyai amandel tetapi ada yang suka kambuh dan ada juga yang tidak biasanya seseorang akan mengetahui bahwa dia mempunyai penyakit amandel dengan merasakan tenggorokan yang pertama-tama terasa sakit jika menelan sesuatu itu akan terasa sakit, kepala pusing dan terasa sakit kemudian demam dan kedinginan, tyerjadinya pembesaran dan pembekakan kelenjar (kelenjar getah bening) di sekitar rahang dan leher dan pada akhirnya kehilangan suara karena pembengkakan amandel, jika pada saat itu saya tidak sakit selama tiga tahun maka dokter menganjurkan saya untk melakukan operasi, karena saya sering merasa sakit ketika menelan dan jika amkankdel saya kambuh maka badan suka menggigil, dan pada akhirnya saya tidak melakukan operasi di rumah sakit karena keterbatasannya biaya akhirnya saya memutuskan untuk operasi tradisional tanpa menggunakan obat, sungguh tersa perih saat amandel saya di potong karenna rasanya itu seperti luka yang di taburi garam terasa panas, pernahkah kamu merasa jika kalian tergores pisau sedikit saja kemudian menyentuh garam itu akan terasa pperih bukan? Begitu juga dengan saya hingga saya tidak makan nmasi hinngga dua minggu dan hanya makan air bubur saja, tapi sampai saat ini saya merasa bersyukur karena penyakit tersebut sudah sembuh.
Rabu, 05 Januari 2011
I Love Timnas indonesia
Indonesia in AFF Cup match was not lost in my opinion, because Indonesia during the game held Indonesia never lost, just at the time in Malaysia in Bukit Jalil Indonesia precisely bent down, with the laser and the ball goalkeeper Markus experienced itching due powder provided by Malaysia to Indonesia, in fact if we protest possible that other supporters of the national team in particular will feel same disappointment, but the supporters are not discouraged because for decades, Indonesia was the first time felt a pride in feeling by the millions of people in Indonesia , all persons, especially national team supporters would say Eagle on my chest and my pride of the Indonesian national team, we had looked at the Indonesian national team players have been playing in an optimal, although not reaching AFF Cup, after the defense team had difficulty penetrating the neighbor, hopes eventually emerge. Indonesia gets a penalty kick after Malaysian players hands ball in the box forbidden. Unfortunately, Firman Utina failed to carry his team the lead. His shot was too weak, and can be caught goalkeeper Khairul Fahmi Che Mat, who was playing deft.
Soon, Malaysia precisely who had the upper hand. After a pause the first half, they could excel ahead thanks to goals Safee bin Mohd Mohd Sali in minute fifty six.
Two goals in a reply printed M Nasuha Indonesia and Malaysia players own goal kick is wrong to anticipate the M Ridwan AFF Cup is not enough to hook into the arms of the country. Indonesia won two-one, but in the aggregate lose two-four.Every player is unsettled. Indonesia has a lot of opportunities but trouble finishing the turn". But although Indonesia has lost the game to unite this country and the fans will continue to support the national team to Indonesia rose from the defeat that has been experienced so far, the national team does not make a disappointment for Indonesia, although myself do not really like football but I hope the Indonesian national team will always flying in Indonesia and will be the host for his own country, I love Indonesia and Garuda always be stored in my chest.
Soon, Malaysia precisely who had the upper hand. After a pause the first half, they could excel ahead thanks to goals Safee bin Mohd Mohd Sali in minute fifty six.
Two goals in a reply printed M Nasuha Indonesia and Malaysia players own goal kick is wrong to anticipate the M Ridwan AFF Cup is not enough to hook into the arms of the country. Indonesia won two-one, but in the aggregate lose two-four.Every player is unsettled. Indonesia has a lot of opportunities but trouble finishing the turn". But although Indonesia has lost the game to unite this country and the fans will continue to support the national team to Indonesia rose from the defeat that has been experienced so far, the national team does not make a disappointment for Indonesia, although myself do not really like football but I hope the Indonesian national team will always flying in Indonesia and will be the host for his own country, I love Indonesia and Garuda always be stored in my chest.
Fall for you
This song tells about boyfriend who does not want to be left behind his girlfriend, the title of this song is fall for you. Why I like this song because this song reminds me of someone who ever loved me until today, the lyrics he told that he will not get the loyalty, kindness and attention as women who have left him. He probably will continue to think of the woman, but he thingking that the incident had been experienced before, he said you may think she will be forget about it, but in fact he can not forget these women, even women are hard to find a replacement, beginning before they split up they always quarrel and men are trying to fix it, nbut his effort is vain, perhaps destiny, those who have parted because on night he was a man only thinks why these women leave him alone, and why women are always there in his thoughts, the man did not want separation because to find a woman like she was very hard, to get like her, the man told the woman hoping to repeat their relationship, and he hopes do not let him change his mind to hate him forever, this song is so deep for me because I also always thought of someone who arrive at this moment in my dear, I felt I was very stupid at the time why he loves me completely but I wasted it, and in the end I realized turns out he did not like as a boy asa I now today, he is not selfish he will understand what I want, as long as I was nearby I feel comfortable, I feel he always protect me. until today I feel sorryfor it is, if he was still in love with me please return him to me and dreamed him when me as sleep, and I am hoping him for return to myself.
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